Prelim

• Language - primary tool used in communication process
• Pragmatics - appropriate use of language in different contexts
• Syntax - study of the structure of sentences
• Phonology - the sound system of language
• Semantics - study of meaning in language
• Morphology - study of the structure of words
• 4 ELEMENTS OF THE LANGUAGE ENVIRONMENT

  1. People
  2. Their purpose
  3. The rules of communication
  4. The actual talk used in the situation
• Sociolinguistics - the study of language as it relates to social structure and context such as gender, age, religion, geography, social class and status, education, occupation, ethnicity, nationality, and identity
• A distinguishing aspect of human communication is that it is symbolic
• Linguistics relativity - suggest that a language and it's overaching categories or structure used to classify the world directly shape one's perception
• Diglossia - refers to the existence of two different ways of speaking within a language, typically a "high" or formal variety and a "low" or informal, everyday variety
• Bilingual, multilingual and plurilingual people may likewise switch from one language to another in the course of a conversation with one or more participants, known as code-switching
• Oratory - is another category of expression that can "make things happen", such as speak from a charismatic leader that inspires a revolution
• First language acquisition - a universal process regardless of home language
• Native language - is the language s/he learned first, as a child growing up
• Second language - a language that is learned after the first language is acquired
• Mother tongue - considered to the native language, the language that is spoken at home by the family
• Heritage language - a minority language learned by its speakers at home as children, and difficult to be fully developed because of insufficient input from the social environment
• Dialect - a form of language that is spoken in a particular part of the country or a particular group of people
• Behaviorism - emphasizes the role of environmental factors in language acquisition
• Cognitivism - focuses on the mental processes involved in learning
• Constructivism - emphasizes the importance of active learning and building knowledge through experience
• Sociocultural - emphasizes the role of social and cultural factors in language and literacy development
• input - where human infants are certainly helped in their language acquisition by the adults in the home emvironment
• baby talk - is where speech style adopted by someone who spends a lot of time interacting with a young child
• caregiver speech - also described as "motherese" or "child directed spech"
• THE ACQUISITION STAGE

  1. cooing
  2. babbling
  3. the one word stage
  4. the two word stage
  5. telegraphic speech
• THE ACQUISITION PROCESS

  1. learning through imitation
  2. learning through correction
  3. developing morphology
  4. developing syntax
  5. developing semantics
• second language - the process by which people learn another language in addition to their native language
• acquisition - gradual development of ability in a language by using it naturally in communicative situations with others who know the language
• learning - a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of the features of language such as pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar
• affective factors - the negative feelings or experiences which can create a barrier to acquisition
• audiolingual method - learn to speak languages through habit-formation, and therefore need to practice drills until the new habit has been learnt
• communicative approaches - languages are learnt through communication, and that the focus of the classroom should be on encouraging learners to engage in speaking activities which stimulate 'real life' communication
• transfer - using sounds, expressions or structures from the L1 when performing L2
• positive transfer - the use of a feature from the L1 that is similar to the L2 while performing in the L2
• negative transfer - transferring an L1 feature that is really different from the L2 while performing in the L2
• instrumental motivation - learners with this motivation want to learn the L2 in order to achieve some other goal such as completing a school graduation requirement
• integrative motivation - learners want to learn the L2 so that they can better understand and get to know the people who speak that language
• input - describe the language that the learner is exposed to