stas

• Socrates: 'The unexamined life is not worth living'
• Unattributed: 'The unexamined [use of technology] is not worth using the technology'
• Philosophy


  Love of wisdom

  An activity people undertake when they seek to understand fundamental truths about themselves, the world in which they live, and their relationships to the world and to each other
• Philosophy of technology


  Studies the character of technology and its relations to society
• Aristotelianism


  • Views technology as basically a means to an end

  To Aristotle, technology is the organizing of techniques in order to meet the demand that is being posed by humans
• Aristotle's 4 Causes


  • Causa Materialis or the Material Cause (silver)

  Causa Formalis or the Formal Cause (form or shape)

  Causa Finalis or the Final Cause (the purpose)

  Causa Efficiens or the Efficient Cause (agent:silversmith)
• Technological Optimism


  • Strongly supported by technologists and engineers and also by ordinary people who believe that technology can alleviate all the difficulties and provide solutions for problems that may come

  The extreme version of this philosophy is technocratism which holds technology as the supreme authority on everything

  Technology is beneficial in many ways but can also be harmful in many ways
• Technological Pessimism


  • Technological progress has a price

  Technological progress creates more problems

  Technological progress creates damaging effects

  Technological progress creates unpredictable devastating effects
• Existentialism


  • The main concern of this view is the existence or the mode of being of someone or something which is governed by the norm of authenticity

  This view basically investigate the meaning of existence or being and is always faced with the selection must make with which the existent will commit himself to
• Martin Heidegger, a philosopher is one of the most known supporters of existentialism
• Instrumental definition of technology

  Encourages us to view technology from different period of time as not having fundamental differences

  Technology is geared towards meeting a human needs, but there is a difference between older handicraft technologies with modern technology

  Technology is by no means technological and should not be seen as merely neutral

  Invites man to a continual desire to master it which unconsciously may be making technology go out of hand
• Poesis


  The bringing forth of something concealed to unconcealment which then makes technology as not only means to an end but also a mode of revealing
• Physis


  Something that came without any external force, like a flower blooming in the field or a tree bearing its fruits
• Enframing


  The continuous bringing forth into unconcealment that which is conceald. This is a non-stop revealing
• Ancient technology


  • Ancient windmill

  Peasant planting seeds

  Wooden bridge that is built to join riverbanks
• Modern technology


  Unlock and expose: It carries the idea that nature will not reveal itself unless challenge is set upon it

  Stock piles for future use: As technology is a means to an end, it aims to meet future demands
• The continuous revealing takes place as man allows himself to be an agent in the setting upon of challenges to nature but this is not mere human doing
• Man is able to set upon which was already unconcealed as he responds to the call of unconcealment but "when man, investigating, observing, pursues nature as an area of his own conceiving, he has already been claimed by a way of revealing that challenges him to approach nature as an object of research, until even the object disappears into the objectlessness of standing-reserve
• The danger of the nonstop revealing

  Revealing opens up a relationship between man and the world but an opening up of something means a closing down of something which means as something is revealed, another is concealed

  Another danger is when man falls into a misinterpretation of that which is presented to him. That is when he sees himself in the object before him rather than seeing the object itself
• Heidegger argued that man tends to find his happiness in the works of modern technology, and this can be prevented if man will not allow himself
• Man cannot set himself upon unconcealment


  Without unconcealment's call and the unconcealed will not go into unconcealment without the man responding to its call
• Revealing


  Opens up a relationship between man and the world but an opening up of something means a closing down of something which means as something is revealed, another is concealed
• The rise of a cause-effect understanding of reality closes off an understanding of God as something mysterious and holy
• Another danger is when man falls into a misinterpretation of that which is presented to him. That is when he sees himself in the object before him rather than seeing the object itself
• When one looks around him now, he will see that man tends to find his happiness in the works of modern technology
• Heidegger argued that this can be prevented if man will not allow himself to be overwhelmed with the enframing that he was set upon, but he pause for a while and reflect on the value of what is presented
• Human flourishing


  An endeavor to achieve self-actualization and fulfillment within the context of a larger community of individuals
• Access to human flourishing

  • The pleasant life
  • The engaged or good life
  • The meaningful life
• The unexamined life


  The attainment of one's moral end necessitates knowing oneself (moral wisdom)
• Such discontentment comes as a result of one's ignorance of what really constitutes human happiness
• Self-understanding is more than intellectual knowledge. It comes from how one actually lives his or her life
• Moral wisdom comes from how one actually lives his or her life
• Moral virtue


  The practice of good
• According to Heidegger, the meaning of human-being was originally the fundamental question of philosophy, which was pursued by the ancient Greek philosophers but later on neglected, if not forgotten, in Western philosophy
• Asking for the meaning of the term "being" doesn't suggest that the "inquirer" has no idea about it because in the first place, the meaning of "being" is associated with the concept of existence, which means that the "inquirer" already has the idea on the term "however vague or incomplete"
• The "inquirer" obviously refers to "man" as "being", focuses to the "what" of human existence
• This somehow justifies human being's adaptability to environmental changes and ability to manipulate environment in the interest of survival
• Dasein


  Heidegger used the term "dasein" which literally means "being there" focuses on the "mode of existence" or the "who" of "Dasein"
• The "modes of existence" is fundamentally established by two things: 1. Dasein exist in a world 2. Dasein has a self that it defines as it exist in such world
• This supports human being's capacity to decide on what is good or bad for them