Health edu

• Health Promotion Theory was developed in 1987 and revised by Pender in 1996
• Emphasizes actualizing health potential and increasing well-being using approach behaviors rather than avoidance of disease
• 6 major components and their variables:

  • Individual characteristics and experiences:
  • Prior related behavior
  • Personal factors
  • Behavior specific cognition and effect:
  • Perceived benefits and action
  • Perceived barriers to action
  • Perceived self-efficacy
  • Activity-related effect
  • Interpersonal influences
  • Situational influences
  • Behavioral outcome:
  • Commitment to plan of action
  • Immediate competing demands and preferences
  • Health-promoting behavior
  • Activity-related affect
  • Commitment to a plan of action
• In a nursing study, modifying factors of age, income, education, and selected biological characteristics of body mass had indirect effects on health-promoting lifestyles as proposed by the model
• Bandura's Self-efficacy Theory:

  • Social learning theory is the result of separate research by Rotter and Bandura
  • Bandura renamed the theory as Social Cognitive Theory to emphasize the cognitive aspect of learning
  • Explains human behavior through continuous interaction of personal factors, behavior, and environmental influences
  • Emphasizes that cognition plays a critical role in people's capability to construct reality, self-regulate, encode information, and perform behaviors
• Self-efficacy:

  • Belief about one's ability to do certain things
  • Factors influencing self-efficacy:
  • Accomplishments
  • Persuasive messages
  • Visualization of future success
  • Observing role models
  • Physical responses
  • Determines one's effort to change behavior according to Bandura
  • Equated with self-confidence in one's ability to successfully perform a specific type of action
• Ways to increase self-efficacy:

  • Personal mastery of a task
  • Observing the performance of others (vicarious experience)
  • Verbal persuasion such as receiving suggestions from others
  • Arousal of emotional state
• Cognition plays a critical role in people's capability to construct reality, self-regulate, encode information, and perform behaviora.
• Self-efficacy determines one's effort to change behavior according to Bandura.
• Direct reinforcement supplied directly to the person
• Vicarious - Participant observes someone else being reinforced for behaving in an appropriate or

  inappropriate manner

  • Also called social modeling or observational learning
• Self-management - Involves record keeping to the participant of her/his behavior.

  • When the behavior is performed correctly, the person would reinforce or reward

  herself/himself

  • The construct of self-control is applied

  • This reflects the idea that individuals may gain control of their own behavior by monitoring it.
• Reinforcement can be accomplished in three ways: DIRECT REINFORCEMENT, VICARIOUS, SELF MANAGEMENT
• 1. Behavioral capability

  • Refers to the knowledge and skills necessary to do behavior that influences actions

  • Must know what the behavior are and how to perform them

  • Needs Clear instructions or training

  2. Expectations

  • Refers to the ability of humans to think and to expect certain results in certain

  situations.

  3. Expectancies

  • Are the values such as chest x-rays for tuberculosis screening that people place on an

  expected outcome

  • The more highly valued the expected outcome, the more likely the person will

  perform the needed behavior to yield that outcome.
• 4. Efficacy expectations - are feelings of competency

  5. Outcome expectations - if a person believes that the outcome of the behavior (reinforcement)

  is not great or good enough in terms of benefits, he/she may not attempt

  the behavior in spite of the feeling of competency or efficacy

  expectations
• Health belief model - introduced by a group of psychologist in 1950s.
• Health belief model - people feared diseases and that the health actions of

  people were motivated by the degree of fear ( perceived threat) and the expected fear

  reduction of actions, as long as that possible reduction outweighed practical and

  psychological barriers to taking actions ( net benefits)
• 4 constructs: perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers.
• PRECEDE-PROCEED Model ( Bastable) - Based on the epidemiological perspective on health promotion to combat the leading causes of death.
• The phases in the PRECEDE component identify priorities and objectives.
• Phases in the PROCEED address criteria for policy,

  implementation and evaluation.
• Health education is aimed primarily at planning experiences hat are designed

  to predispose, enable and reinforce voluntary behavior conducive to the health

  of individuals, groups,or communities.
• definition of health education as any combination of learning experiences designed to facilitate voluntary actions conducive to health.

  Core of the procede-proceed model
• PROCEED stands for:

  ►P – policy

  ► R – Regulatory

  ► O – Organizational

  ► C- Constructs in

  ► E – Education and

  ► E – Environmental

  ► D – Development
• PRECEDE stands for:

  P – Predisposing

  R – Reinforcing

  E – Enabling

  C – constructs in

  E – educational

  D – Diagnosis and

  E – evaluation
• 9 Phases of the

  PRECEDE-PROCEED model:

  ► 1. Social diagnosis- begins with population self study/assessment relative to the

  quality of life.

  ► 2. Epidemiologic diagnosis

  ► 3. Behavior and environmental diagnosis

  ► 4. Educational and organizational diagnosis- addresses issues dealing with

  education

  ► 5. Administrative and policy diagnosis – addresses issues dealing with education

  ► 6. Implementation

  ► 7. Process evaluation

  ► 8. Impact evaluation

  ► 9. Outcome evaluation
• addresses issues dealing with education

  Educational and organizational diagnosis
• addresses issues dealing with education

  Administrative and policy diagnosis