Genetic Engineering

• GENETIC ENGINEERING


  Also known as genetic modification or genetic manipulation.
• GENETIC ENGINEERING


  It is a technology used to alter the genetic makeup of an organism.
• GENETIC ENGINEERING involves the artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules.
• Genetic Engineering can produce medically important products, such as human insulin, human growth hormone, and hepatitis B vaccine, as well as genetically modified organisms, such as disease-resistant plants.
• The first recombinant DNA molecule was made by Paul Berg in 1972 by combining DNA from the monkey virus SV40 with the lambda virus.
• bacterium


  The first genetically modified organism (GMO) was a _ generated by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen in 1973.
• Agricultural Engineering:


  This involves modifying an organism’s or plant’s genetic material to produce desired characteristics. It has improved the nutritional value, pest resistance, production, and environmental adaptation of crops
• Medicine Engineering (Biomedical Engineering):


  It has been used to mass-produce insulin, human growth hormones, vaccines, and many other drugs. Genetic engineering has the potential to cure genetic diseases through gene therapy

  Insulin Production: Bacteria have been genetically engineered to produce human insulin, used for treating diabetes.
• Industrial Engineering:


  By manipulating the genetic makeup of organisms, scientists have unlocked new possibilities for manufacturing, production, and innovation in various sectors.
• Environmental Engineering:


  This field is still emerging and could potentially be used to improve the environment. For example, genetically modified microorganisms (GMMs) could be released into the environment to degrade pollutants
• Synthetic Engineering:


  In this field, scientists stitch together long stretches of DNA and insert them into an organism’s genome. These synthesized pieces of DNA could be genes that are found in other organisms or they could be entirely novel.
• Reproductive Engineering:


  This involves changing a single base pair (A-T or C-G), deleting a region of DNA or adding a new segment of DNA. For example, it may involve adding a gene from one species to an organism from a different species to produce a desired trait
• Cloning Genetic Engineering:


  It is a technique scientists use to create exact genetic replicas of genes, cells, or animals.
• Microbial Engineering:


  In research, organisms are genetically engineered to discover the functions of certain genes. Industrial applications include transforming microorganisms such as bacteria or yeast, or insect mammalian cells with a gene coding for a useful protein.
• Forensic DNA Engineering:


  In this typing, short tandem repeats (STR) or microsatellites are the most frequently genotyped in order to distinguish between individuals, to tie an individual to a crime or to exonerate the innocent.
• Agricultural Engineering


  Bt Corn

  Herbicide-Resistant Soybeans

  Golden Rice

  Flavr Savr Tomato

  Disease-Resistant Papaya
• Medicine Engineering (Biomedical Engineering)


  Insulin Production

  Human Growth Hormone

  Follistim

  Monoclonal Antibodies

  Hepatitis B Vaccine
• Industrial Engineering


  Protein Engineering

  Metabolic Engineering

  Biodegradable Plastic Industry

  Oil Industry

  Bio-Hydrometallurgy
• Environmental Engineering 


  GM Papaya

  GM Corn

  GM Soybeans

  GM Sugar Beets

  GM Trees
• Synthetic Engineering 


  GM Insulin-Producing Bacteria

  GM Elephants

  GM Poplar Trees

  GM Corn

  GM Onions
• Reproductive Engineering 


  In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

  Artificial Insemination

  Cloning

  Gene Therapy

  Genetic Testing
• Cloning Genetic Engineering


  Dolly the Sheep

  CC the Cat

  Prometea the Horse

  Snuppy the Dog

  Genetically Modified Salmon
• Microbial Engineering 


  Insulin-Producing Bacteria

  Growth Hormone-Producing Bacteria

  Vaccine-Producing Yeast

  Antibody-Producing Bacteria

  Enzyme-Producing Bacteria
• Forensic DNA Engineering 


  DNA Fingerprinting

  Genetic Testing

  Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

  DNA Sequencing

  Genetic Modification