literacy techniques (RUAE & textual analysis)

• colon (:)

  used to introduce an explanation, quote or list.
• semicolon (;)

  used to separate items in a complex list or indicate a turning point in a balanced sentence
• dash (-)

  used to introduce an explanation at the end of a sentence. often used to indicate that a word is important.
• inverted commas (“)

  used to indicate direct speech or a quotation. also used to suggest the writer is casting doubt over a particular word or phrase.
• ellipsis (…)

  suggests interruption, hesitation or indecision if used mid-sentence. If used at the end of a sentence, the ellipsis suggests anticipation or suspense
• lists

  are used to emphasise the range or sheer number of items, actions or people being described. Some lists build up in importance – to a climax.
• repetition

  a repeated word or phrase throughout a section of a text. this can help to emphasise the intensity of an idea
• inversion

  when we change the order of words in a sentence, often to reinforce an important word by putting it first.
• balanced sentences

  reinforce a contrast by placing the ideas side by side – often using a semi-colon as a pivot in the middle
• command

  give instructions. are often used to persuade the reader
• exclimations

  Usually indicate strong emotions – eg excitement or anger
• questions

  sometimes used to introduce the answer. series of questions might indicate confusion
• rhetorical questions 


  dont expect an answer, but rather direct support for the writer’s viewpoint
• minor sentance

  NO VERB – these often add dramatic impact