Controversies

• What is the focus of component three psychology?

  Controversies in psychological research
• Why should students avoid copying answers word for word?

  To develop their own writing style
• What does ethical cost in psychological research refer to?

  Impact on participants' rights or health
• What are techniques to mitigate risks in psychological research?

  Risk management and benefits assessment
• What is a right that participants have in psychological research?

  Right to withdrawal
• What should participants experience according to ethical guidelines?

  No greater harm than in everyday life
• How did Watson and Rayner's study fail ethical guidelines?

  Participant left with unresolved psychological trauma
• What is a benefit of psychological research to society?

  Development of effective exposure therapies
• How can exposure therapy improve economic function?

  By reducing avoidance of certain jobs
• What does research suggest about stress and life expectancy?

  Accumulated stress impacts lifespan more than major events
• What is the implication of M Alisa et al.'s study?

  Praise improves learning environment and happiness
• How did Loftus and Palmer's study impact the criminal justice system?

  Prohibited leading questions in courtrooms
• What does the comparison of James Fallon and Bradley Wall drop illustrate?

  Biological predisposition can be mitigated by social interventions
• What negative consequence can arise from psychological research?

  Reinforcement of stigma against certain demographics
• What did Bowlby's 1953 study highlight?

  Importance of parenting in child development
• What is the refrigerator mother explanation?

  It blames mothers for children's ASD
• How can unregulated psychological research be harmful?

  It may lead to unethical interrogation techniques
• What ethical cost did Watson and Rayner's study impose on Little Albert?

  Development of coping mechanisms for trauma
• What was a major ethical cost in Milgram's study?

  Major psychological distress and physical harm
• What risk management technique was used in Milgram's study?

  Debriefing and offering counseling to participants
• How did the ethical committee function in research?

  It ensures research is ethically sound
• What does culture bias refer to in psychology?

  Assumptions based on one's cultural norms
• What is beta bias in psychological studies?

  Using a standard measure that may be unrepresentative
• What is the issue with the predominance of American research in psychology?

  It leads to ethnocentrism in psychological understanding
• How do individualistic and collectivist cultures differ?

  Individualistic cultures prioritize self-interest
• What is the implication of Hofstede's research?

  Differences in cultures affect psychological outcomes
• What is the purpose of the three Rs in animal research?

  Replacement, reduction, and refinement of animal use
• What does BPS stand for in psychological research?

  British Psychological Society
• What is a major ethical concern in using non-human animals in psychological research?

  Potential harm to animals
• What are the three Rs in psychological research involving animals?

  Replacement, reduction, refinement
• How should researchers treat animals according to the British Psychological Society guidelines?

  Consider their past experiences
• Why is it important to provide companions for social animals in research?

  They are pack animals and need social interaction
• What does the Benson cube evaluate in animal testing research?

  Effectiveness and ethics of the study
• What is a potential argument against animal testing in psychological research?

  It may cause unnecessary suffering to animals
• Who suggested that limitations on animal testing are similar to historical injustices?

  Donia 2002
• What is speciesism according to Peter Singer?

  Bias favoring one's own species over others
• How does Gray's view on speciesism differ from Singer's?

  Gray believes humans have special duties
• What is a utilitarian perspective on animal rights?

  Rights depend on having responsibilities
• How can animals contribute to ecosystem maintenance?

  By performing ecological roles like pollination
• What is the scientific status of psychology based on?

  Systematic and objective methods of data collection