Exercise 2: The Cell

• What are all cells bounded by?

  Plasma membrane
• Eukaryotic cells - possess a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
• What are the (3) parts of a plant cell that make it distinguishable?

  Cell walls, plastids, and central vacuole
• Iodo-potassium iodide - IKI
• Cell wall - outer layer found external to the plasma membrane
• In plant cells, what is the primary cell wall made up of?

  Cellulose
• The primary cell walls of adjacent cells are cemented together by an extracellular substance called the middle lamella
• The cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells is connected by plasmodesmata.
• For sample preparations involving coconut scrapings or pear sections, what stain will be used?

  18% alcoholic phloroglucinol-sulfuric acid solution
• What component of the secondary cell wall will turn red after staining in coconut or pear samples?

  Lignin
• Lacuna - Found inner to the secondary wall
• Protoplast - contents of the living cells bounded by the plasma membrane
• Cytoplasm - region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
• Cytosol - semi-fluid substance that suspends the other organelles
• In Appendix B for preparing specimens, what are the techniques used for temporary slide preparations?

  wet mounts, smears, squash slides
• For an onion slide that uses a drop of IKI solution, what parts can visibly be seen under the microscope besides cell wall?

  nucleus, nucleolus, cytoplasm, & cytoplasmic strands
• For cheek cells with IKI solution, what parts can be seen under the microscope?

  Nucleus, nucleolus, & cytoplasm
• Plastids - are a group of closely related organelles that are unique to photosynthetic eukaryotes which function for storage and synthesis of different macromolecules
• What are the (3) main types of plastids?

  Chloroplasts, chromoplasts, & leucoplasts
• What plastid can be found in a leaf s.s.?

  Chloroplast

  
• What plastid can be seen over a ripe tomato or bell pepper skin that contain orange dots?

  Chromoplasts

  
• In potato sections stained with IKI, what plastid can be seen which contain darkly-stained starch granules?

  Leucoplast

  
• Cilium - involved in cell locomotion that has short hair-like protrusions
• Flagellum - involved in locomotion and is longer than cilia and whip-like
• Protozoans - informally regarded as "animal-like protists"
• In hay infusion, what are locomotory organelles typically found in protozoans like Paramecium, Tetrahymena, or Coleps?

  ciliates, flagellates

  
• In plants, the waste products form crystals which form either within the central vacuole or outside the cell.
• What are the different shapes/structures observed in calcium oxalate crystals?

  raphides, styloid, druse, prismatic
• What are the different shapes/structures observed in calcium carbonate crystals?

  club-like cystoliths, worm-like cystoliths
• What component of the middle lamella is rich in?

  Pectin
• When the fruit ripens, what enzyme is involved in the dissolution of pectin in the middle lamella?

  Pectinase
• What pigment does the central vacuole store?

  Anthocyanin
• What pigment gives chloroplast its green color?

  Chlorophyll
• What pigment gives chromoplasts their orange/red color?

  Carotenoids
• Amyloplasts - more specific leucoplasts that are non-pigment/colorless which are found in tubers of starchy food.
• Among the following protozoans: Sperm cell, Paramecium, Trichomonas, Giarda and Euglena, which have cilia as their locomotory organelle?

  Paramecium
• What calcium oxalate crystals can be seen in a dumb cane sp. leaf midrib s.s.?

  Druse, raphides

  
• What calcium oxalate crystals can be seen in a boat of moses sp. leaf s.s.?

  Prismatic, styloid

  
• What calcium carbonate crystal can be seen in a Ficus sp. leaf x.s.?

  Club-like cystolith

  
• What calcium carbonate crystal can be seen in a Pilea microphylla(angeloweed) leaf w.m.?

  worm-like cystolith