Science

• Hormones carry essential messages that control body processes at every level, from energy uptake of a single cell to the whole body’s rate of growth and development
• Hormones regulate processes such as the breakdown of chemical substances in metabolism, fluid balance, urine production, body's growth and development, and sexual reproduction
• The Endocrine system and the Nervous system work together to integrate in the brain and complement each other, but they tend to work at different speeds
• The hypothalamus connects the nervous system to the endocrine system and sends signals to the pituitary gland, which controls other endocrine glands and regulates major internal functions
• The thymus gland produces T-cells to help destroy infected or cancerous cells and support the immune system
• The adrenal glands regulate substance levels in the blood and release "fight-or-flight" hormones
• The kidneys produce vitamin D and erythropoietin to regulate calcium levels and stimulate red blood cell production
• The sex glands produce hormones that stimulate the production of eggs and sperm and influence early embryo development into a boy or girl
• The pineal gland secretes melatonin to regulate sleep patterns
• The pituitary gland is the most influential gland in the endocrine system, releasing 7 major hormones in the anterior lobe and 3 hormones in the posterior lobe
• The thyroid gland increases metabolism, regulates glucose use, protein synthesis, and nervous system development, and releases Calcitonin to maintain blood calcium levels
• The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone to regulate calcium levels in the blood
• Pancreas regulates blood sugar by releasing insulin and glucagon to maintain blood glucose levels
• The pancreas is a dual purpose gland
• Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone during menstruation cycle
• Testes produce testosterone
• Thymocyte is an immature T-cells
• Thymosin is a hormone that stimulates the production of T-Cells
• The Adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys
• We have two adrenal glands
• The Adrenal Medulla is the inner portion of the adrenal gland.
• Two hormones released by Adrenal Medulla: Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
• Adrenal Cortex is the outer part of the adrenal gland.
• The adrenal cortex produces and secretes hormones called corticosteroids
• hormones that are released by the adrenal cortex are: aldostereone, cortisol and cortisone, and androgens
• Hypothalamus


  Connects the nervous system to the endocrine system. Receives and processes signals from other brain regions and pathways and translates them into hormones, the chemical messengers of the endocrine system.
• Hypothalamus


  • Receives and processes signals from other brain regions and pathways
  • Translates signals into hormones, the chemical messengers of the endocrine system
• GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone)


  Causes the pituitary gland to make and secrete the hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). In men, these hormones cause the testicles to make testosterone. In women, they cause the ovaries to make estrogen and progesterone.
• CRH (Corticotrophin-releasing hormone)


  The central driver of the stress hormone system, known as the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Causes release of adrenocorticotropic hormone from the pituitary gland, which in turn causes the adrenal glands to secrete the stress hormone cortisol.
• TRH (Thyrotropin-releasing hormone)


  The main effect is to stimulate the release of thyrotropin (also known as thyroid stimulating hormone) from the pituitary gland. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is the master regulator of thyroid gland growth and function, including the secretion of the thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine. These hormones control the body's metabolic rate, heat generation, neuromuscular function and heart rate, among other things.
• GHRH (Growth hormone-releasing hormone)


  Stimulates the pituitary gland to produce and release growth hormone into the bloodstream. Growth hormone then acts on virtually every tissue of the body to control metabolism and growth.
• PIF (Prolactin-inhibiting factor)


  Controls the secretion of prolactin from the hypothalamus. Prolactin is unusual among the pituitary hormones because it is inhibited by a hypothalamic substance.