Reading and Writing

• text are made up of senteces having the property of grammatical cohesion
• discourse are made up of utterances having the property of coherence
• According to Woods (2006), Reading has 3 stages: Pre, During, and Post
• Strategies to be an effective reader are : Previewing, Predicting, Overviewing, Surveying, Guessing from context, and Paraphrasing,
• Previewing is when reviewing titles, section headings, and photo captions.

  To get a sense of the structure and content of a reading selection.
• Predicting is when you hav knowledge about the subject matter, author, and text type, and purpose.
• Overviewing is when you look at chapters or sections
• Surveying is to give a rundown from the first section to last
• Guessing from Context is when you use background knowledge of the subject and ideas in the text
• Paraphrasing - stopping at the end of a section To check comprehension by restating the information and ideas in the text
• Techniques in Reading involves: Skimming, Scanning, SQ3R, Comprehensive, and Critical
• SKIMMING

  This is a strategy used to get only the main ideas of a written text in order

  to know what the material is all about.
• SCANNING

  This is used to search only for specific information needed.
• SQ3R is an excellent technique to use with textbooks that provide a lot of information and require you to learn the material in depth.
• COMPREHENSIVE

  This technique requires processing of the text for full understanding of the material.
• CRITICAL

  It is a technique which involves an analysis of the claims presented in the text.
• USE OF CONTEXT CLUES

  To use clues to the meanings of unknown words, instead of using dictionary
• SYNONYMS AS CONTEXT CLUES

  Words having the same meaning or nearly the same meaning are called synonyms.
• Synonyms apper in different ways, by Dashes, commas, parenthesis, and reinstatement
• Antonyms as Context Clues

  are words having opposite meanings. They do not give the definition but provide an idea about the familiar word.
• Antonyms are recognized in a sentence through any word which presents opposite meanings like but, although, despite, instead, in contrast, unlike, even though, on the contrary, conversely, etc.
• Examples as Context Clues

  Examples are lists of illustrations that make the unfamiliar word cleaner. In order to derive the meaning of the word, you have to analyze the examples given and find common traits or characteristics.
• Comparison as Context Clues

  It involves identifying the similarities and differences of two or more things, places, or events. It is indicated by words such as: like, as, similar to, in the same way, likewise, resembling too also
• ORGANIZATION

  ►is about the arrangement of ideas, incident, details evidence and order. It is achieved when ideas are logically and accurately arranged.

  ►Knowledge of the parts of a composition is a great help in adhering to the correct organization of ideas.

  ►The sentences within a paragraph must also bo organized logically.
• Coherence and cohesion

  ▷are achieved when Ideas are logically, clearly, and smoothly linked to one another; without it, the reader may not be able to comprehend your composition.
• Coherence

  ►occurs when Ideas are connected at the conceptual level or Idea level. It can be seen through well-defended arguments and organized points.
• Cohesion

  ►is the connection of ideas at the sentence level. It can readily be seen in a text through the smooth flow of the sentences and the connection of the ideas.

  ►can be applied using three techniques: pronouns, transitional devices, repetition of keywords.
• Language use

  ▸ refers to the acceptable style of language for a particular form of text.

  ►Effective language used is achieved by observing the following time-tested principles in writing

  a.Use clear and concise sentences,

  b. Avoid redundancies, wordiness, cliches, and high falutin language.

  c. Avoid excessive use of "there" and "it" structures.

  d. Use precise vocabulary.

  e. Be consistent with your pronoun's point of view.
• Language use

  Avoid sexist language. This issue can be addressed by using articles (a, an, the), using plural pronouns, using his or her instead of his. writing through a second person point of view, or using gender-neutral nouns.

  ►Use appropriate level of formality. The more formal texts use an academic tone while less formal ones usually use a personal or colloquial tone
• Mechanics

  refers to the conventions of writing which includes capitalization, punctuation, spelling, numerals, abbreviations, acronyms, and contractions.

  ►In academic and more formal texts, the following should be observed

  a.Always use standard English,

  b. Avoid contractions, (e.g., shouldn't)

  c. Avoid exclamation marks unless they are part of a direct quotation.
• Mechanics

  d. Mention the full name of an institution or organization with the abbreviation in parenthesis, in first mention. Thereafter, use the abbreviation.

  e. Numbers from zero to ten should be spelled out while numbers higher than ten should be written in figures.

  f. Generally, citations are used in academic and formal texts. However, they are sparingly used business texts.
• Property of well-written text