metallurgy

• Metals are elements that tend to lose electrons and form positively charged ions
• Metals are found in almost all Groups of the Periodic Table
• The first three Groups consist solely of metals except for hydrogen and boron
• Groups IA and IIA contain the most active metals
• Elements of Group IA, except hydrogen, are called alkali metals
• Elements of Group IIA are called alkaline earth metals
• Non-metals are elements that tend to accept electrons and form negatively charged ions
• Non-metals are found in Groups IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA, and Group Zero of the Periodic Table
• Group VIIA is known as the halogen family
• Elements of Group Zero are called noble gases
• Physical Properties of Metals
• All metals are solids at room temperature (except mercury and gallium)
• Metals possess a brilliant lustre called metallic lustre
• Metals are generally hard and have high density (except alkali metals)
• Metals have high melting points (except sodium and potassium) and high boiling points (except mercury and gallium)
• Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity (except tungsten)
• Metals are malleable and can be beaten into thin sheets (except zinc and mercury)
• Metals are usually ductile and can be drawn into wires (except zinc, mercury, and gallium)
• Metals are generally not brittle (except zinc)
• Metals are sonorous, i.e., give a note on striking (except sodium and potassium)
• Metals form alloys and amalgams and are generally insoluble in water or other solvents
• Chemical Properties of Metals
• Metals generally have 1, 2, or 3 electrons in their valence shells
• Metals are electropositive and form cations by losing electrons
• Metals generally form basic oxides and react with acids to form salts and water
• Metals above hydrogen in the activity series can replace the hydrogen ion from an acid to form a salt
• Metals do not generally form hydrides, except some reactive metals like Na, K, Ca, and Mg
• Metals generally form non-volatile solid chlorides which are not hydrolyzed by water
• Metals are reducing agents and donate electrons
• Physical Properties of Non-metals
• Non-metals are gases, liquids, or brittle solids at room temperature
• Non-metals do not possess lustre, except iodine and graphite
• Non-metals are generally soft, have low density (except diamond), and low melting and boiling points (except carbon, boron, and silicon)
• Non-metals are bad conductors of heat and electricity, non-malleable, and brittle
• Non-metals do not possess ductility, except carbon fibre, and generally do not form alloys and amalgams
• Non-metals are generally non-sonorous and dissolve in many liquid solvents
• Chemical Properties of Non-metals
• Non-metals generally have 5, 6, or 7 electrons in their valence shells
• Non-metals are electronegative and form anions by accepting electrons
• Non-metals generally form acidic oxides and react with bases to form salt and water