BIO1306 Exam 1

• Genomics is the study of wholesets of genes and their interactions within a species, and genome comparisons between species
• Bioinformatics is the application of computational methods to the storage and analysis of biological data
• The Human Genome Project begun in 1990 and the sequencing was published in 2006
• Noncoding DNA found between genes include pseudogenes and repetitive DNA
• Pseudogenes are former genes that have accumulated mutations and are nonfunctional
• Repetitive DNA are present in multiple copies in the genome
• Transposable elements are stretches of DNA that can move from one location to another within the genome in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
• Genomics is the study of whole sets of genes and their interactions within a species, and genome comparisons between species
• Bioinformatics is the application of computational methods to the storage and analysis of biological data
• The Human Genome Project fostered development of faster, less expensive sequencing techniques
• The sequencing of the human genome officially began as the Human Genome Project in 1990 and was published in 2006
• Genomes vary in size, number of genes, and gene density
• Genomes of most bacteria and archaea range from 1 to 6 million base pairs (Mb); genomes of eukaryotes are usually larger
• Most plants and animals have genomes greater than 100 Mb; humans have 3,000 Mb
• Free-living bacteria and archaea have 1,500 to 7,500 genes
• Unicellular fungi have about 5,000 genes and multicellular eukaryotes up to at least 40,000 genes
• Number of genes is not correlated to genome size
• Sequencing of the human genome revealed that 98.5% does not code for proteins, rRNAs, or tRNAs
• Gene regulatory sequences and introns account for 5% and 20%, respectively, of the human genome
• Transposable elements are stretches of DNA that can move within the genome, about 75% of human repetitive DNA is made up of transposable elements and related sequences
• The basis of change at the genomic level is mutation
• The size of genomes has increased over evolutionary time, providing raw material for gene diversification
• Accidents in meiosis can lead to polyploidy, where one or more extra sets of chromosomes can diverge by accumulating mutations
• Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, while chimpanzees have 24 pairs, with two ancestral chromosomes fused in the human line
• Unequal crossing over during meiosis can result in one chromosome with a deletion and another with a duplication of a particular region
• The globin family of genes evolved from one common ancestral globin gene, which duplicated and diverged about 450-500 million years ago
• One copy of a duplicated gene can undergo alterations that lead to a completely new function for the protein product
• Comparative studies of genomes help understand evolutionary history of life and explain morphological diversity
• Highly conserved genes have changed very little over time, clarifying relationships among species that diverged long ago
• Human and chimpanzee genomes differ by 1.2% at single base-pairs and by 2.7% because of insertions and deletions
• Humans and chimpanzees differ in the expression of the FOXP2 gene, which is involved in vocalization
• Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species in 1859
• Darwin noted that current species are descendants of ancestral species
• Evolution can be defined by Darwin’s phrase descent with modification, which is both a pattern and a process
• Lamarck published his hypothesis of evolution in 1809
• Malthus published "Essay on the Principle of Population"
• Hutton proposed his principle of gradualism
• Darwin was born in 1809 and traveled around the world on HMS Beagle
• Darwin wrote his essay on descent with modification
• Wallace sent Darwin his hypothesis of natural selection while studying species in the Malay Archipelago