Sleep and Dreaming

• CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure)


  a device that is commonly used to regulate breathing during sleep as a treatment for sleep apnea
• REM behavior sleep disorder


  Normal paralysis occurring during REM sleep is disabled

  Physically act out vivid, often unpleasant dreams with abnormal vocal sounds and movements

  Often may be associated with other neurological conditions, including Lewy body dementia and Parkinson's disease
• Informational processing


  dream theory states that states dreams helps is sort out the day's events and consolidates our memories
• EEG (electroencephalogram)


  An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
• pineal gland


  the gland that secretes melatonin
• Melatonin


  A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness.
• suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)


  A small brain structure that uses input from the retina to synchronize its own rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark; the body's way of monitoring the change from day to night.
• paradoxical sleep


  The type of sleep encountered during REM when internally, the brain and body are active; while externally, the body appears calm and inactive
• Hypnic jerks


  Sudden brief muscular contractions that may awaken individuals that occur in stage 1
• K complex


  Single but large high-voltage spike of brain activity that characterizes stage 2 NREM sleep.
• sleep spindles


  short bursts of brain waves detected in stage 2 sleep
• latent content


  according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream
• manifest content


  according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream
• theta waves


  brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep; brain waves that produce drowsiness (stage 1)
• Beta waves (EEG)

  Highest frequency, lowest amplitude. During Awake, and REM sleep.
• delta waves


  long, slow waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep, stage 3
• alpha waves


  the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
• sleep paralysis


  state of being unable to move just after falling asleep or right before waking up
• Stage 3 deep sleep


  Sleep walking happens during _____________________
• insomnia


  Difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep
• Nightmares


  negative dreams produced during REM sleep
• night terrors


  sleep disruptions that occur during deep sleep involving screaming, panic, or confusion; happens durind stage 3
• Sigmund Freud

  Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior; believed dreams reflect unconscious wishes
• circadian rhythms


  The 24-hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species.
• hypothalmus


  the area of brain involved in which cell loss contributes to narcolepsy
• orexin (hypocretin)


  produced in the hypothalamus that is involved in switching between sleep states and in narcolepsy
• pons


  area of the brain that is believed to send signals to higher parts of the brain during sleep that results in dreams
• amygdala


  area of the brain activated during REM sleep
• REM rebound


  the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)
• narcolepsy


  an uncommon sleep disorder characterized by brief attacks of REM sleep, often at inappropriate moments.
• sleep apnea


  a sleep disorder in which breathing is interrupted
• REM sleep


  a stage of sleep characterized by the inability to move voluntary muscles and sexual arousal.