CA

Cards (50)

  • Steps of the Research Process:
  • Introduction:
    • Review of literature
    • Theoretical framework/conceptual paradigm
    • Statement of the Problem
    • Hypothesis
    • Significance of the study
  • Method:
    • Design
    • Setting
    • Participants
    • Measures
    • Analysis
    • Research Procedure
  • Results
  • Discussions:
    • Summary, Findings & Recommendations
  • Design:
    • Research design is the plan or structure for conducting a study
    • Purposes of Research Design:
    • Provide answers to research questions
    • Control variance or inconsistencies
  • Types of Research Designs:
    • According to Purpose:
    • Basic Research: extends knowledge in a discipline or refines a theory
    • Applied Research: focuses on finding solutions to existing problems
    • According to Methodology:
    • Quantitative Research: collection and analysis of numeric information
    • Qualitative Research: understanding human experience through subjective, narrative materials
  • Experimental Design:
    • Looks for cause and effect outcomes
    • Variables, Ethics, Feasibility, Hawthorne effect should be addressed
    • Advantages:
    • Establishes causal relationships
    • Provides controlled environment
    • Creates situations not found naturally
  • Types of Experimental Designs:
    • Posttest-only design
    • Pretest-posttest design
    • Crossover design
  • Quasi-Experimental Design:
    • Manipulates variables to determine effects
    • Uses intact, naturally formed groups
    • Lacks randomization or control group
  • Non-Experimental/Observational Design:
    • Observational research without intervention
    • Secondary Analysis: examines data from another study
    • Meta-analysis: establishes bias and confounding variables
  • Descriptive Design:
    • Examines characteristics of one sample population
    • Used for theory development, practice problems, or clinical decision-making
    • Observes, describes, and documents aspects of a situation
  • Comparative Design:
    • Looks at differences in 2 or more groups
    • Involves no manipulation of the independent variable
    • Compares rates or characteristics between groups
  • Correlational design examines the relationships between 2 or more variables within a situation without knowing the reason for the relationship
  • Correlational design is the most commonly used descriptive design
  • It is retrospective, meaning it compares a variable occurring in the past with one occurring currently
  • Prospective correlational design/cohort is usually considered stronger than retrospective because the researcher may be able to control or rule out explanations for some outcomes
  • Predictive design involves the independent variable occurring prior to the dependent variable
  • Descriptive correlational studies seek to describe relationships among variables without inferring causal connections
  • Quantitative or statistical research involves the collection and analysis of numeric information
  • Non-quantitative or qualitative research emphasizes understanding of the human experience through subjective, narrative materials
  • Grounded theory seeks to describe and understand key social psychological processes that occur in a social setting
  • Phenomenology focuses on the lived experiences of humans to gain insight into their life experiences
  • Ethnography provides a framework for studying the meanings, patterns, and lifeways of a culture in a holistic fashion
  • Case study involves an in-depth examination of individuals or groups of people
  • Phenomenology is an approach to understanding people's everyday life experiences
  • Descriptive phenomenology insists on the careful portrayal of ordinary conscious experience of everyday life
  • Interpretive phenomenology stresses interpreting and understanding human experience
  • Qualitative research can be cross-sectional or longitudinal to observe the evolution of a phenomenon
  • Triangulation combines qualitative and quantitative methods to supplement or validate data
  • Saturation occurs in data collection or analysis when there is repetition or redundancy in the themes or patterns in the data
  • Data collection methods for qualitative research include case study, ethnography, grounded theory, and phenomenology
  • Research can be conducted in various locales such as health care facilities, homes, or classrooms
  • Sampling is the process of selecting a portion of the population to represent the entire population
  • Inclusion criteria are characteristics that must be met to participate in the study, while exclusion criteria make individuals ineligible for the sample
  • Probability sampling involves random selection, while nonprobability sampling involves nonrandom selection
  • Types of probability sampling include simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, and systematic sampling
  • Types of nonprobability sampling include convenience sampling, quota sampling, purposive sampling, snowball sampling, and theoretical sampling
  • Measures refer to research instruments designed for data gathering
  • Research instruments should be valid and reliable to objectively answer the purpose of the study