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• Renewable energy refers to forms of energy that cannot be depleted or are quick to regenerate, including solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, biomass, and ocean energy
• Biomass is organic matter available on a renewable basis, such as agricultural crops, aquatic plants, animal waste, municipal waste, and wood waste
• Biomass can be burned directly or converted to liquid biofuel or biogas
• Dendro-Thermal Power Plant utilizes wood, such as Ipil-Ipil, as fuel
• Geothermal Power Plant utilizes heat energy from high pressure steam within the earth, derived from rainwater heated about 180oC by subterranean hot rocks
• Hot water is pumped from deep underground through a well under high pressure
• When water reaches the surface, the pressure drops, causing the water to turn into steam
• The steam is fed to a turbine that drives a generator
• The steam cools in a cooling tower and condenses back to water for local usage
• Geothermal energy is the heat generated and stored in the earth
• Tidal Power Plant converts energy obtained from tides into useful forms of power, such as electricity
• Tidal power is practically inexhaustible and classified as a renewable energy source
• Tide is a natural event due to the gravitational pull of the moon and the earth, resulting in the rise and fall of ocean levels
• Tidal Barrage is a dam-like structure used to capture energy from masses of ocean water moving in and out of a bay or river due to tidal forces
• Steam Power Plant converts the chemical energy of fossil fuels into electrical energy by raising steam in the boiler and feeding it to steam turbines
• Diesel Power Plant is installed where coal and water supply is insufficient, generating power in small quantities or as standby sets for continuity of supply
• Gas Turbine Power Plant uses a gas turbine as the principal prime mover, with air compressed in a compressor, heat energy added by burning fuel, and power generated as the fluid expands in the turbine unit
• Technical terms under the Philippine Grid Code:
• Grid Code ensures safe, reliable, secured, and efficient operation, maintenance, and development of the high voltage backbone transmission system and its related facilities
• Grid Impact Studies assess the effects of proposed expansion, reinforcement, or modification of the Grid or a user development
• Grid refers to the high voltage backbone system of interconnected transmission lines, substations, and related facilities for the conveyance of bulk power
• Dispatch is the process of apportioning the total demand of the Grid to achieve operational requirements of balancing demand with generation
• Generation Company or Generator is authorized by ERC to operate a facility used in the generation of electricity, such as Independent Power Producers (IPP)
• Ancillary Service includes Frequency Regulating and Contingency Reserves, Reactive Power Supports, and Black Start Capability to support transmission capacity and energy for maintaining Power Quality and Grid Reliability
• Generating Unit is a conversion apparatus used to produce electrical energy from some other form of energy
• Load is an entity or electrical equipment that consumes electrical energy
• Embedded Generating Plant is connected to the distribution system or the system of any user and has no connection to the Grid
• Embedded Generator generates electricity using an embedded generating plant
• Entity is an organization with an identity separate from its members
• Event: An unscheduled or unplanned occurrence of an abrupt change or disturbances in the power system due to fault, equipment outage, or adverse weather conditions
• Emergency: Grid operating condition when multiple outage contingency has occurred without resulting in a total system blackout and any of the following conditions are present:

  • Generation deficiency exists
  • Grid transmission voltages are outside the limits of 0.9 to 1.1
  • The loading level of any transmission line is above 110% of its continuous rating
• Alert Warning: A notice issued by the system operator including yellow alert, blue alert, red alert to notify grid users that an alert state exists
• Blue Alert: A notice issued by the system operator when tropical disturbances are expected to landfall within 24 hours
• Yellow Alert: A notice issued by the system operator when contingency reserve is less than the capacity of the largest synchronized generating unit or power import from a single interconnection whichever is higher
• Red Alert: An alert warning issued by the system operator when Grid contingency reserve is zero, a generator deficiency reserve exists or there is critical loading imminent overloading of transmission line or equipment
• Load Analysis in Power Plant:

  • Load on a power station varies from time to time due to uncertain demands of consumers
  • Variable load introduces perplexities in operation
  • Effects of variable load include the need for additional equipment and an increase in production cost
• • Load curve helps in selecting the size and number of generating units
  • Load curve helps in preparing the operation schedule of the station
• Load Curve: Variation of load on the power station with respect to time, representing the relation between demand load and time sequence

  • Daily load curve shows variations of load on the power station during different hours of the day
  • Area under the daily load curve gives the number of units generated in the day
  • Highest point on the daily load curve represents the maximum demand on the station
  • Average load on the station in the day = Area under daily load curve / 24 hours
  • Load factor is the ratio of the area under the load curve to the total area of the rectangle
• Load Cycle: Graph showing the relationship between kW or MW demand and actual running time in hours for the period of 24 hours per day of operation of the power plant
• Load Duration Curve: Represents load versus time with ordinates arranged in magnitude sequence with the greatest load on the left and least load on the extreme right