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Diversity of Life
2: Classification & Phylogeny
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Cards (28)
Eukarya
Domain
of all organisms whose
cells
have
nuclei
, including
protists
,
plants
,
fungi
, and
animals
Archaea
Domain
of
unicellular prokaryotes
that have
cell walls
that do not contain
peptidoglycan
Bacteria
Single-celled
organisms that lack a nucleus;
prokaryotes
Metabolism
All of the
chemical reactions
that occur within an
organism
Replication
Copying process by which a cell
duplicates
its
DNA
Three Domains of Life
Bacteria
,
Archaea
, and
Eukarya
, based on
ribosomal RNA gene sequences
Fin whale
An endangered species with the Latin name
Balaenoptera physalus
(
Linnaeus
,
1758
)
Biological species concept
Defines a group of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated but phenotypically similar
Hierarchical Classification
Linnaeus's
system that groups species into increasingly broad categories, from domain to species
Carl Linnaeus
Founder of
binomial nomenclature
and the father of
modern taxonomy
John Ray
Defined species as
organisms capable
of
interbreeding
and
producing fertile offspring
Aristotle
Classified organisms based on
qualities
like
shape
,
ability to do harm
, and
habitat
Taxonomy
Branch of
biology
that names and groups organisms based on
characteristics
and
evolutionary history
Binomial nomenclature
System of naming species with a genus and species name, underlined or italicized, developed by
Linnaeus
Diversity of Life
Resulted in
1.6 million
identified types of plants and animals, with
3-10 million
unidentified organisms
Geographical evidence of evolution
Includes the distribution of
plant
and
animal
life on
major land masses
, showing
independent
evolution
Biological evidence of evolution
Includes
anatomical
,
embryological
,
immunological
, and
biochemical affinities
suggesting
relatedness
by
descent
Geological evidence of evolution
Includes the
fossil
record showing
slow change
over time
Natural selection
Process by which nature selects
'fit'
individuals of a species and
rejects
the '
unfit'
, leading to
evolution
Theory of Evolution
Provides an
explanation
of how the
variety
of
organisms
present today came into
existence
Endosymbiotic theory
Explains the origins of
chloroplasts
and
mitochondria
in
eukaryotes
through a mutually beneficial relationship
Photosynthetic pigments
Contained in
thylakoids
,
infoldings
of the
membrane
in
cyanobacteria
,
no chloroplasts
Stromatolites
Oldest
fossils
,
fossilized
mats of
prokaryotes
resembling
modern microbial colonies
/
biofilms
Cyanobacteria
Photosynthetic
bacteria that appeared about
3.5 billion
years ago and produced
oxygen
Anaerobic prokaryotes
First life forms, e.g.
methane producing archaea-bacteria
, appeared about
3.5 billion
years ago
Replication
and
metabolism
Key properties of life that may have appeared together
Protocells
Fluid-filled vesicles
with a
membrane-like structure
, formed by
lipids
and
organic molecules
in
water
Affinities
Features
suggesting that
organisms
are
related
by
descent.