The chemical of life

• RNA acts as an intermediary between DNA and protein synthesis.
• protons, neutrons, electrons
• What subatomic particle identifies the atom?

  Electron
• What is an ion ?

  A charged atom
• What is the difference between a cation and anion?

  Cation: positive charged atoms ( lost electrons)

  Anion : Negative charged atoms ( gained electrons)
• What is an isotope?

  Atoms with the same number of protons, but different number of neutron.
• What is a radioactive isotope?

  unstable form of chemical element releases radiation as it breaks down and becomes stable
• Which subatomic particle is used to create bonds?


  Electrons
• what is an ionic bond?


  A chemical bond formed between two ions with opposite charges.
• How is an ionic bond formed?


  One atoms pulls and electron from another atom.
• What is a covalent bond?


  A type of chemical bond where two atoms share electrons.
• What is the difference between polar and Non polar covalent bond?

  Polar covalent bond: Unequal sharing of electrons between atoms. Nonpolar covalent bond: Equal sharing of electrons between atoms.
• What does polarity Molecule refer to?

  When one side of the molecule is either more positive or negative than the other.
• What is a hydrogen bond?

  By an attraction of Two atoms that already participated in other chemical bonds.
• What is required for a molecule to form a hydrogen bond?

  Oxygen: O-H

  Nitrogen: N-H
• what is the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic substance?

  Hydrophilic: Dissolves in water( interacts with water)

  Hydrophobic: Doesn’t dissolve in water( repels water)
• What is a pH measurement of? What pH range is considered basic? What pH range is considered acidic?

  pH is the measurement of acidity (H+ions)

  Greater than 7 is alkaline or basic

  Less than 7 is considered acidic
• What type and number of bonds does carbon create?

  Carbon creates 4 covalent bonds
• Name the four major biomolecules

  Amino acids - create proteins

  Fatty acids - create phospholipid

  Carbohydrates - Create sugars polysaccharides

  Nucleic Acids - DNA/RNA
• What is a monosaccharide? Give examples.


  Made up of single sugar molecules and carbohydrates

  ex. Glucose, fructose, galactose
• What is a disaccharide? Give examples.

  Made up of two monosaccharides.

  ex. Sucrose - plant sugars

  Lactose - milk sugars

  maltose - breakdown of starch ( used in brewing)
• What is a polysaccharide? Give examples.


  Chain Of sugars

  ex. Glycogen - sugar storage ( animals)

  Cellulose - plant cell walls

  starch- sugar storage (plants)
• What are the chemical properties of fats and lipids?

  Hydrophobic ( repels water)
• What is a triglyceride?

  A type of fat found in our blood
• What is the purpose of triglycerides?


  Is to store unused calories and provide energy to our body.
• What is the primary function of phospholipids?

  Structural component of cells.
• What is an amino acid? How are they similar? How are they different?

  Amino acid is the monomer of proteins.

  They’re similar by having the same basic structure.

  They differ from each other with respect of their side chain, which is referred to as R group.
• How many amino acids make up proteins? How do these 20 amino acids differ?

  20 make up proteins.

  they differ from the respect of their side chains, which is referred to as the R group.
• What are the nucleic acids?

  Two main type - Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
• How many nucleic acids are there and what makes them different?


  There are five

  adenine - Cytosine - Thymine - Guanine - Uracil

  nucleic acid differ in the structure of sugar in their nucleotides.
• What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

  DNA - our genetic code

  — creates our genes that code for proteins

  RNA - helps In making proteins

  - Involved in regulating DNA(turning it on and off)