Power and the people

• Causes of magna carta

  war- king John was funding his battles with the higher tax payments. He was losing fights and barons land and money
• Cause of magna carta


  religion-John had a disagreement with the pope when he refused to support the appointment of Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury. Pope banned church services, marriages and funerals in England
• cause of magna carta

  economic- scutage- a tax in place of sending armed knights made scutage higher than ever befor. Raised inheritance tax. Not customary
• Magna Carta limits royal power. King can only raise scutage with barons consent
• Magna Carta only affected 10% of the country as it only applied to freemen
• At the time, Magna Carta only impacted freemen

  over time it began to symbolise freedom and equal right. American revolution
• Causes of peasants‘ revolt

  Statute of labourers, 1351- Black Death of 1348-9 killed 1/2 of the population, meaning far fewer workers. Peasants demanding higher wage, many looked for better pay or a fairer lord and went to neighbouring village. Peasants were gaining power. Edward 3 passed the statute of labourers
• Causes of peasants revolt


  New king- 1377 richard 2 succeeds Edward 3. Peasants felt a young king would be easier to be pressurised into making change. Rich 2 was resented for having French connections. John of gaunt- French advisor disliked
• Causes of the peasants revolt

  War/tax - rich 2 fighting unsuccessful wars in France (hundred years war). To fund it he introduced poll tax 3 times in 3 years. By 1380, everyone 15+ had to pay 4 groats per year
• Causes of the peasants revolt

  John balls preaching- he was highly critical of the feudal syste. He delivered sermons suggesting that society shouldn’t be organised by a class system. He preached that god saw everyone as equal
• consequences of peasants revolt

  wat Tyler killed

  revolt ends- Richard goes back on his words- life

  goes back to normal rebel leaders rounded up + hanged
• Causes of American revolution short term

  Boston massacre 1770 anti British colonists throw snowballs+ sticks at the British army. Army open fire and kill colonists
• a short term cause of the American revolution Boston Tea Party 1773 colonists threw tea from Britain into the sea as a protest at being heavily taxed
• Short term cause of the American revolution Lexington incident 1775- anti British feeling very strong. British army tried to seize a supply of gunpowder in concord they were fired on by 20000 minutemen- start of the revolution
• Long term causes of the American revolution

  control- 1760 Navigation acts. If brits sell an item American colonists can only buy it from Britain. Britain was dictating limits on how far the colonists could expand due to agreemen. Made the agreement of boundaries where colonists can go with Native Americans not consulting colonists
• Long term cause of the American revolution

  tax- pay for the British army to protect colonies from other colonial powers. Tea tax. Stamp tax 1765. “No taxation without representation”
• Consequences of American revolution

  for Britain- lost men. Worse relation between france + britain. Colonised other places (India) (significant over time)

  at the time-Britain sends criminals to Australia +New Zealand
• Consequences of American revolution

  france- inspired French to take action against autocratic LouisXVI - French Revolution-impact over time
• Consequences of the American revolution

  America- some moved to Canada. Set up congress (short term)

  poor farmers could not vote

  slavery continued + native Americans discriminated

  20th century usa= the most powerful independent country
• Causes of English revolution

  religion- Charles‘ changes in religion in Scotland. 1637- he insists that everyone in Scotland should use the new laudican prayer book (relied on the catechism). This started riots as they were being told how to worship. Many puritans in parliament
• Causes of the English revolution

  economic- Charles needed more money to defeat the scots. Rising inflation + taxes ‘ship money’ everyone pays-not customary
• Causes of the English revolution

  political- April 1640, parliament agreed to provide Charles with funds to fight the scots. He had to promise to not pass laws without parliaments agreement, not to raise unpopular taxes and to stop Laud’s religious changes. Short parliament (3 weeks )
• Causes of the English revolution

  war- Charles became king in 1621 at outbreak of war with Spain. Irish rebels in 1641
• English revolution- parliament were fighting for their rights believing the king wasn’t respecting them.
• Significance of the trial of Charles I (at the time)

  ’prides purge’ cromwell tried to ensure no supporters of the king entered parliament to try the king. 1st time the army stopped people entering. Some MPs did not attend as they feared the consequences. Thousands attended the execution and collected blood
• Significance of Charles I trial over time

  charles I is still the only English king to have been execute. It redefined the relationship between monarch + parliament in the long term. Monarchs more cautious when dealing with parliament
• Causes of the pilgrimage of grace

  religion- devout christians were angry about the changes HenryVIII made to the church. The dissolution of the monasteries.
• Causes of the pilgrimage of grace

  economic-dissolution of the monasteries giving courts money
• Causes of the pilgrimage of grace

  pope not being head of the church

  Cromwell + other ministers giving Henry bad advice
• In 1536, a rebellion broke out in Yorkshire by devout Christians who were worried about the changes to the church
• Robert aske put a case together for the group
• Aims of the pilgrimage of grace

  restore the monasteries (small ones)

  recognise the pope as the head of the church

  dismiss Cromwell + other ministers

  better representation for the north in parliament
• Consequences of the PoG

  social- henry goes back on his promises for change + violently had the ring leaders killed such as Robert Aske. Life back to the way it was before
• Consequences of the PoG

  economic- court finances improved after pilgrimage with the money from the monasterie. That money was invested in the Royal Navy to build ships and H was worried about foreign attack (long term)
• Consequences of the PoG

  religious- 1539 larger monasteries dissolved. Abbot of Glastonbury hanged + head on a spike on the abbey gates.

  Henry consolidated his control in the north (long term)
• 1231- simon de Montfort pays homage to Henry III
• 1234- Simon attends the great council

  38- he marries Eleanor (kings sister)

  42- Simon returns from crusade to fight in france

  52- Henry puts Simon on trial for ‘high handed’ rule in Gascony

  58- Simon + barons make Henry sign the provisions of Oxford

  60- Henry puts Simon on trial for a 2nd time as a condition for the peace treaty with France
• 1261- pope annuls the provisions of Oxford. Henry gets power back.
• Provisions of Oxford

  a council of 15 barons will control the great council

  they would be elected by 24 men, 12 appointed by the king and 12 by the barons

  foreigners banished from royal court

  only englishmen can control castles

  each county would have a sheriff and taxes would be decided locally
• The great council could make decisions without the king but he can’t make decisions without the great council

  serious limit on royal power