enzymology 2

• Liver functions include: excretory, secretory, synthetic function, detoxification, drug metabolism, and storage
• The liver is the largest organ in the body, weighing about 1.2-1.5 kg
• The liver is divided by the falciparum ligament
• Main liver cells are hepatocytes and Kupffer cells
• Alkaline phosphatase liberates inorganic phosphate from organic esters with the production of alcohol
• Alkaline phosphatase requires magnesium and manganese as activators
• Alkaline phosphatase is non-specific and major sources include the liver, kidneys, placenta, intestine, spleen, and bone
• Alkaline phosphatase is elevated in osteoblastic activity in kids during growth, individuals over 50 years old, and pregnancy (16-18 weeks)
• Alkaline phosphatase significance includes obstructive jaundice, pregnancy, Paget's disease, rickets, bone cancer, and other bone diseases
• Methods to measure alkaline phosphatase include electrophoresis, heat stability, and chemical inhibition
• Aspartate aminotransferase transfers amino groups between aspartate and alpha-ketoacids resulting in oxaloacetate and glutamate
• Aspartate aminotransferase is also known as "Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase" and major sources include the liver, cardiac tissue, and skeletal muscle
• Aspartate aminotransferase significance includes hepatocellular disorders, skeletal muscle injury, gangrene, myocarditis, Reye's syndrome, and acute myocardial infarction
• Methods to measure AST include the Karmen method
• Alanine aminotransferase transfers amino groups from alanine to alpha-ketoglutarate
• Alanine aminotransferase is also known as "Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase" and is abundant in the liver
• Alanine aminotransferase significance includes elevation in hepatic disorders and monitoring hepatitis treatment
• Methods to measure ALT include coupled enzymatic reaction
• Gamma glutamyl transferase catalyzes the transfer of glutamyl groups between peptides through linkage at a gamma carboxyl group
• Gamma glutamyl transferase is also known as "Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase" and main sources include hepatic cells, kidneys, prostate, pancreas, and brain
• Gamma glutamyl transferase significance includes hepatic disorders, alcoholism, and drug overdose
• Methods to measure GGT include spectrophotometric method
• 5'nucleotidase catalyzes the hydrolysis of ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate and deoxynucleoside 5'-monophosphate to the corresponding nucleoside and orthophosphate
• 5'nucleotidase is a marker of hepatobiliary disease and infiltrative lesions of the liver
• Acid phosphatase catalyzes the hydrolysis of orthophosphoric monoesters to yield alcohol and inorganic phosphate
• Acid phosphatase is a marker for prostatic carcinoma and other diseases like Gaucher's disease, Neimann-pick disease, hyperthyroidism, Paget's disease, and multiple myeloma
• Methods to measure ACP include Bodansky method, King-Armstrong, Bessey-Lowry-Brock, Roy and Hillman, and Babson, Read and Philips