AP world history NOTES 23

• The accumulation of militarism, imperialism, nationalism, and tangled alliances instigated the First World War
• Mostly a European conflict with worldwide ramifications, including the end of the Ottoman Empire
• World War I was the first Total War, with governments using political propaganda, art, media, and intensified forms of nationalism to mobilize populations for war
• Main causes of WWI: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism
• Militarism involved the glorification of war by Europeans, an arms race, new weapons technologies, and influential military leaders disrupting the balance of power
• Changes in warfare included trench warfare, poison gas, machine guns, submarines, airplanes, and tanks
• Alliances were formed among Western nations, with central powers including Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, and allied powers including Britain, France, and Russia
• Imperialism led to economic rivalry between European powers, conflicts over territories, and the division of Africa and the Pacific into colonies
• Nationalist feelings and rivalries grew throughout the 19th century, with movements like Pan-Slavism and Serbian nationalism contributing to tensions
• The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in the Balkans triggered the July Crisis, leading to Austria-Hungary invading Serbia and setting off a chain of alliances
• The Eastern Front of WWI was devastating for Russia, while the Western Front saw Germany fighting against France and Russia
• Propaganda was used in WWI to control public opinion, with both sides spreading ideas to promote their cause and recruit support
• The Treaty of Versailles imposed heavy reparations on Germany, leading to resentment and political outcomes like the collapse of empires and the creation of new nations
• Women played a significant role in the war effort, filling jobs left by men, supporting the economy, and contributing to social changes like suffrage movements
• WWI casualties included millions of soldiers and civilians, with lasting effects such as government expansion, unprecedented casualties, and social changes
• Zionism and the Balfour Declaration supported the establishment of a Jewish home in Palestine, while Russia experienced revolutions and signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to end its involvement in WWI
• The Ottoman Empire was the last Islamic empire to be established.
• The Neolithic Revolution led to the rise of agricultural economies based on farming, the abandonment of a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, and the growth of permanent settlements.
• The Ottoman Empire was the last Islamic empire to expand, but it declined due to corruption.
• In India, Mughal emperors ruled from Delhi until the British took over in 1857.
• The first civilizations arose along river valleys in Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and China, and developed complex systems of agriculture, social hierarchy, division of labor, taxation, writing systems, and monumental architecture.
• Mughals were Muslims who spoke Persian and Hindus made up most of their subjects.
• Ottomans were known for their military prowess and conquered much of Eastern Europe and parts of Africa and Asia.
• The Ottoman Empire declined during the 18th century due to internal conflicts and external pressures from European powers.
• The Ottomans had a decentralized government with a strong army and navy.
• The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) was characterized by economic prosperity, cultural achievements, and technological advancements.
• Legalists believed that laws must be enforced strictly and punishment must be severe to maintain order.