carbs and lipids

• Carbon

  Forms 4 bonds with other atoms like H,O, or other C

  Forms long chains or rings made up of many C to C bonds

  Creates a huge variety of organic compounds
• What makes up carbon molecules?

  Polymers - large molecule made up of chains of smaller units

  Monomer - one unit in a polymer, the building blocks
• How are polymers made?


  Dehydration synthesis reactions - builds polymers

  Monomers link to form polymers

  Water is also formed by removal of a H from one monomer and an OH from the other

  DS reactions are anabolic reactions (building)
• How are polymers broken down?

  Hydrolysis reactions breaks down polymers

  Water helps break down the bonds between monomers by adding a H to one monomer and an OH to another

  Called catabolic reactions (breaking down)
• What are carbohydrates?

  The carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen usually have a 1:2:1 ratio

  Characteristics - usually ends in -ose

  Source in diet - bread, rice, crackers, fruits, vegetables, pasta, sugars, starches

  Types are classified according to size
• What are monomers in carbs?

  simple sugars with one ring and examples are glucose, galactose, fructose which are isomers which means they have the same chemical formula but different arrangements. Other examples are ribose and deoxyribose
• What are polymers in carbs?

  disaccharides are double sugars and examples are

     - maltose (glucose + glucose)

     - sucrose (glutose + fructose)

     - lactose (glucose + galactose)

  polysaccharides have chains of many rings and examples are

  - starch which is plant sugar storage, few branches, link and stores extra glucose

  - cellulose helps cell walls, has three parallel chains and is super strong, is most abundant organic material on the plant and our bodies can't digest it

  - glycogen is animal sugar storage
• What are the functions of carbs?

  Immediate energy from monosaccharides and disaccharides

  Stored energy from polysaccharides like starch and glycogen

  Structural as it helps with cell walls
• What are lipids?

  Has carbon, hydrogen, and very few oxygen

  Characteristics - nonpolar and hydrophobic, has hydrocarbon chains and a carboxyl group

  Source in diet - oils, fat, butter, animal products

  Stores more energy because there's more hydrocarbon bonds

  No true monomer / polymer but made up of fatty acids
• What are the types of fatty acids and their characteristics?

  Saturated - have single bonds in hydrocarbon chain, solid at room temp because of straight chaings, and can make you sick over a long period if you eat a lot

  Unsaturated - have double bonds in hydrocarbon chains, liquid at room temp due to kinks, there are less H because there's double bonds instead, in plant and fish oils, doesn't accumulate over long term, our body can break these down easier
• What is hydrogenation?

  Adds another hydrogen and decreases double bonds, companies do this for longer shelf life and better taste. This creates trans fats which are worst
• What are the types of lipids and their functions?

  Triglyceride - three fatty acids with a glycerol, created using dehydration synthesis, examples are fats and oils. It's best at storing energy, it also insulates and cushions. Packs more energy per gram than grams

  Phospholipid - two fatty acids and a phosphate group. This makes up cell membranes

  Steroids - has 4-5 fused rings and they're hormones that help with cell to cell communication examples are strogen and cholestrol which is made into vitamin D then to calcium for the bones.