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bio paper 2
DNA mutations
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Mutation
is a change in the
DNA base sequence
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Mutations
happen
spontaneously
in our
cells
, particularly during
DNA duplication
before
cell division
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Carcinogens
and certain types of radiation
increase
the risk of
mutations
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A
gene
is a section of
DNA
that
codes
for a
protein
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Each group of
3 bases
in
DNA
is called a
triplet
or a
codon
and codes for one of the
20 different amino acids
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A
mutation
in DNA can change the
amino acid
that a
codon
codes for, leading to different
proteins
being formed
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Mutations
can have
knock-on
effects by changing the
shape
or
function
of
proteins
, such as
enzymes
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Most mutations only affect
proteins slightly
, so they still work in basically the
same way
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Most mutations occur in
non-coding
DNA, which doesn't code for
proteins
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Non-coding
DNA plays a role in
gene expression
, determining whether genes are turned
on
or
off
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There are three types of mutations:
substitutions
,
insertions
, and
deletions
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Substitution mutation
: one
base
is
changed
for another, altering the
amino acid sequence
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Insertion mutation
: an extra base is inserted, shifting all subsequent bases and changing the amino acid chain
View source
Deletion mutation
: one base is
deleted
, shifting all subsequent bases and changing the
amino acid chain
View source
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