ict

• The first electronic computer, ENIAC, was developed in 1946.
• In the early days of computing, computers were used mainly by governments and large corporations to process data.
• In the early days of computing, computers were used mainly by governments and large corporations to process data.
• ICT (Information and Communication Technology) is related to technologies that facilitate the transfer of information and various types of electronically mediated communication
• ICT Hierarchy by Colrain Zuppo includes:

  • Economic Development
  • Economic Sector
  • Education
  • Business IT
• ICT Development Index (IDI) includes quantitative indicators regarding ICT access, usage, and skills in different regions and countries
• IT (Information Technology) pertains to the industry that involves computers, software, networking, and other IT infrastructure
• ICT (Information and Communication Technology) is described as using computers and other digital technologies to assist individuals or institutions in handling or using information
• Information refers to the knowledge obtained from reading, investigation, study, or research
• Tools for transmitting information include the telephone, television, and radio
• Information is regarded as processed data, and processed information is called knowledge
• Communication is an act of transmitting messages and the process of exchanging information of individuals through verbal and non-verbal means
• First-generation Computer (1946 - 1959) - Electronic Numeric Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) was developed in 1946 by J. Presper Ecket and John W. Mauchly from the University of Pennsylvania, financed by the US Army, and had limited internal memory and capabilities
• Second-generation Computer (1959 - 1965) - Transistors were used, which were smaller, faster, and more dependable than the first generation
• Third-generation Computer (1965 - 1971) - Integrated Circuit (IC) was invented by Jack Kilby to replace transistors, enabling remote processing, time-sharing, and multiprogramming operating systems
• Fourth-generation Computer (1971 - 1980) - Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits were used, with microprocessors containing about 5,000 transistors and other circuit elements on a single chip
• Fifth-generation Computer (1980 - present) - Ultra Large-Scale Integration (ULSI) technology evolved, with microprocessor chips having 10 million electronic components and including artificial intelligence, natural languages, and expert systems
• Hardware consists of all machinery equipment in a computer system, such as keyboard, mouse, screen, and printer
• Software, also called programs, consists of electronic instructions that tell the computer how to perform tasks, including system software and application software
• Keyboard accepts letters, numbers, and commands from the user, similar to an electric typewriter
• Mouse is a small handheld device used to move the cursor on a computer screen
• Microphone allows users to speak into the computer to input data and instructions
• Scanner converts printed materials into a form the computer can use, such as PDF or JPEG
• Camera allows users to take pictures and transfer the images to a computer or printer
• Printer produces text and graphics on a physical medium, with two types: Impact and Non-impact printers
• Monitor displays text, graphics, and videos on a screen, with three types: CRT, LCD, LED
• System Unit is the enclosure containing the main elements of a computer, including the processor chip (CPU), memory chips, and motherboard with power supply and secondary storage devices
• Processor Chip is a tiny piece of silicon containing millions of miniature electronic circuits, with speed expressed in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz)
• Motherboard is the main circuit board in the computer system unit
• Memory Chips, also known as RAM (random access memory), are the primary or temporary storage in a computer
• CD/DVD Drive is a storage device that uses laser technology to read data from optical disks
• Flash Disk Drive is a small portable storage device, often referred to as pen drives, thumb drives, or jump drives
• Hard Disk Drive (HDD) is a non-volatile memory that permanently stores and retrieves data on a disk platter
• Solid State Drive (SSD) is a non-volatile memory that permanently stores and retrieves data using flash memory, with faster writing and retrieving capabilities
• Personal Computer is a small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor
• Workstation is a powerful computer typically used for professional or technical work
• Storage Devices:

  • Flash memory allows for faster writing and retrieving of data
• Classification of Computers:

  • Personal Computer: small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor
  • Workstation: powerful, single-user computer with a more powerful microprocessor and higher quality monitor
  • Minicomputer: multi-user computer capable of supporting 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously
  • Mainframe: powerful, multi-user computer capable of supporting hundreds to thousands of users simultaneously
  • Supercomputer: extremely fast computer that can perform millions of instructions per second
  • Quantum Computer: uses quantum mechanical phenomena for computation
• Types of Computers:

  • Desktop Computers: designed to be placed on a desk, include system unit, CPU, monitor, keyboard, and mouse
  • Laptop Computers: battery-powered and portable for use anywhere
  • Tablet Computers: hand-held with touch-sensitive screen for typing and navigation
• Types of Computer:

  • Smartphones: hand-held telephones that can perform computer functions like browsing the internet and gaming
  • Wearable: includes fitness trackers and smartwatches
  • Smart TVs: television sets with computer applications like video streaming