Growth and Development

• Growth: an increase in the physical size of a whole or any of itsparts
• Development: continuous, orderly series of conditions that lead to activities, new motives for activities and eventual patterns of behaviour
• Cephalocaudal growth is the growth of the head and trunk (head down)
• Proximodistal growth is the growth from the center of the body out
• Newborn: birth to 28 days
• Infant is 1 month to 12 months
• Infancy includes newborn and infant ages
• Toddler is 1 - 3 years old
• Preschool is 3 - 6 years
• Early Childhood includes Toddler and Prschool ages
• Middle Childhood consists of 6 - 10 years old
• Prepubertal is 10 - 13 years old
• Adolescence is 13 - 18 years old
• Later childhood includes prepubertal and adolescence
• Freud's Stages of development

  • Oral (birth to 1 year): Derives pleasure from mouth
• Freud's Stages of development

  • Anal (1 to 3 years): Control over body secretions
• Freud's Stages of development

  • Phallic (3 to 6 years): Works out relationships with parents
• Freud's Stages of development

  • Latency (6 to 12 years): Sexual energy is at rest
• Freud's Stages of development

  • Genital (12 years to adulthood): Mature sexuality
• Piaget's Stages of development

  • Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years): Reflex activity and simple imitative behavious
• Piaget's Stages of development

  • Preoperational (2 to 7 years): Egocentric behaviour, magical thinking, increasing ability to use symbols and language
• Piaget's Stages of development

  • Concrete operational (7 to 11 years): Thought process has become more logical and coherent, less self-centered
• Piaget's Stages of development

  • Formal operational (11 years to adulthood): Thought process is more adaptable and flexible, contains abstract thought and tests hypotheses
• Erikson's Stages of development

  • Trust vs. Mistrust: (Birth to 1 year): Baby develops a sense of trust when basic needs are met
• Erikson's Stages of development

  • Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt (1 to 3 years): The toddler becomes increasingly independent
• Erikson's Stages of development

  • Initiative vs Guilt (3 to 6 years): The child enjoys engaging in play and expressive activities
• Erikson's Stages of development

  • Industry vs Inferiority (6 to 12 years): The school-age child's self-worth is linked to activities and participation in social groups
• Erikson's Stages of development

  Identity vs Role Confusion (12 to 17 years): The adolescent is searching for their identity, reliant on peers more than family
• Growth and development milestones in infancy includes:

  • Holds head up and supports weight with arms
  • Can turn from side to back
  • Follows objects and turn head to look for voices and sound
  • Can hold head steady when sitting
  • Supports most of weight when held standing
• Growth and development milestones in toddlerhood:

  • Scribbles on paper, thows a ball, learns how to pour
  • Likes to push & pull toys
  • Undress self, and learning how to dress self
  • Increasingly enjoys talking
• Growth and development milestones in preschool:

  • Learns how to use scissors, brush teeth, close buttons, tie shoes
  • Ride a bicycle with training wheels
  • Communicates with a widening array of people
  • Enjoys playing with other children
• Growth and development milestones in school-age

  • Enjoy activities that require practice (sports, choir)
  • Ability to talk and discuss topics for increasing lengths of time
  • Can read and concentrate by filtering out surounding sounds
  • Jump rope & rollerblades
• Growth and development milestones in adolescence

  • Eager to try new sports and activities
  • May lack coordination, especially during growth spurts
  • Spend increasing amounts of time with peer group and friends
  • Apply abstract thought and analysis to conversations (opinions)
• Factors that Influence development include: Heredity, neuroendocrine factors, interpersonal relationships, socioeconomic level, enviromental hazards, stress in childhood, and mass media
• A child’s understanding of health and illness is influenced by their psychosocial and developmental levels.
• Culture plays an important role in growth and development norms
• Stressors of hopitalization include

  • Fear and anxiety
  • Separation anxiety
  • Loss of control
• Factors affecting children's reaction to hospitalization

  • Separation from parents /caregivers
  • Developmental abilities and perceptions
  • Previous experiences
  • Recent stress, change, and individual coping skills
  • Parental response to children's hospitalization
• Coping hospitalization methods include

  • Regression
  • Repression
  • Rationalization
  • Fantasy
• Approaches for Newborns & Infants younger than 6 months

  • Usually don't resist examination
  • Keep parent in sight
  • Examine in crib/table
  • Distraction with toys
  • Sequence - flexible and auscultate with infant if quiet