LESSON 4-5 Q3 AP

• Sociology: Auguste Comte is known as the Father of Sociology, studying man in the present and man's relationship with his fellowmen
• Anthropology: Franz Boas is known as the Father of Modern Anthropology, studying man in the past and the cultural evolution of man with the help of Archaeology
• Economics: Francois Quesnay published "Tableau économique," believing that the wealth of a nation is based on the value of "land agriculture" or "land development". Adam Smith wrote "Wealth of Nations," believing in the "Laissez Faire" policy
• Motives:Gold, God, Glory, leading to colonialism
• Mercantilism:

  Economic doctrine driving exploration, emphasizing selling products to accumulate wealth
• Caravels:

  Improved ships with triangular sails, aiding navigation against winds
• Spain:

  Dominated colonies in the West and established control over the Philippines in Asia
• Great Britain:

  Established the English East India Company, controlling territories in India, Indochina, and Singapore
• Netherlands:

  Created the Dutch East India Company, claiming territories from Portugal and controlling trading posts in Japan
• France:

  Established the French East India Company and controlled territories in India, including Pondicherry
• • Claudius Ptolemy propagated the Geocentric Theory, stating that Earth is the center of the universe
  • Nicolaus Copernicus propagated the Heliocentric Theory, stating that the Sun is the center of the universe.
  • Galileo Galilei improved the telescope for astronomy, being the first to use it for this purpose.
  • Tycho Brahe catalogued more than 1000 stars and believed that a comet represented a change in space
  • Johannes Kepler proposed that the orbits of the planets were regular ellipses, not irregular circles, and proved that the planets orbited the sun at different speeds
• Physics:

  Isaac Newton proposed Calculus and the Three Laws of Motion, stating that any object would remain still unless a force causes it to move, and any object in motion would continue to move unless a force causes it to stop
• Natural Science:

  Andreas Vesalius, known as the "Body Snatcher," made accurate drawings through dissection and observation, and wrote the book "de humani corporis fabric".

  Anton Van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch Naturalist, discovered the world of single-celled organisms through a microscope
• Philosophy:

  • Baron de Montesquieu wrote "The Spirit of the Laws," emphasizing the check and balance of the Three Branches of Government.
  • Rene Descartes coined "I think, Therefore, I am," urging man to think and prove his own existence.
  • Baruch Spinoza propagated "Pantheism," stating "All is God and God is All".