Acid-Base pdf

• Definition of Acids and Bases:

  • Arrhenius Theory: Acids are substances that dissociate in water to yield electrically charged atoms called ions, specifically (H+). Bases are substances that ionize in water to yield (OH−) instead of H+ ion, it exists in a combined state with water as H3O+
  • Bronsted - Lowry Theory
  • Lewis Concept
• Chemical Structure Effects on Acidity
• Acid - Base Equilibrium
• Autoionization of Water
• Common Ion effect
• Buffers
• Solubility Product Constant
• Acids:

  • Any substance that in water solution tastes sour, changes the color of certain indicators (e.g. reddens blue litmus paper), reacts with some metals (e.g. iron) to liberate hydrogen, reacts with bases to form salts, and promotes certain chemical reactions (acid catalysis)
  • Corrode metals/dissolve solids
  • Cause skin to burn
  • Found in soda and citrus fruits, milk, and yogurt
  • pH = less than 7
  • Used in analytical tests (gold, metals)
  • Reactive
  • Component of batteries
  • Putrid strong smell
  • Common acids:

  1. Formic acid - ants

  2. Lactic acid - milk
• 3. Acetic acid - vinegar

  4. HCl - stomach acid, muriatic acid

  5. Citric acid - citrus fruits, sour candy

  6. Ascorbic acid - vitamin C

  7. Aspirin - acetylsalicylic acid

  8. Battery acid - sulfuric acid

  9. Tartaric acid, oxalic acid, malic acid - plants and fruits
• Bases:

  • Any substance that in water solution is slippery to the touch, tastes bitter, changes the color of indicators (e.g., turns red litmus paper to blue), reacts with acids to form salts, and promotes certain chemical reactions (base catalysis)
  • Cleaning agents
  • pH = greater than 7
  • Soap
  • Ammonia scent
  • Alkaline
  • Component of fertilizers
  • Common Examples:

  1. Ammonia

  2. Baking soda - sodium bicarbonate

  3. Washing soda - sodium carbonate

  4. Soap - Either sodium or potassium hydroxide

  5. Detergents

  6. Shampoo

  7. Borax - sodium borate

  8. Chlorine bleach
• 9. Toothpaste

  10. Egg whites

  11. Chalk - calcium carbonate

  12. Drain cleaner

  13. Antacids - magnesium hydroxide
• Arrhenius Theory:

  • Define acids and bases based on Arrhenius theory
  • Classify a compound as acid or base according to the Arrhenius theory
  • Predict the products of a reaction between an Arrhenius acid and a base
  • Svante August Arrhenius: Swedish physicist and physical chemist, Feb. 19, 1859 - Oct. 2, 1927
  • Acids: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, H3PO4, HBr, HI, HClO3, HClO4, HIO4
  • Bases: KOH, NaOH, LiOH, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2
  • Arrhenius Acids and Bases may be classified as strong or weak
  • Monoprotic Acids: have one acidic hydrogen that is transferrable to a strong base
• • Polyprotic Acids: have two or more acidic hydrogens that are transferrable
• Arrhenius Acid - Base Reaction:

  • Double Displacement
  • Neutralization reaction (pH = 7)
  • Products: salt and water
  • Examples:
  • HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)
  • Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2CH3COOH(aq) → 2 H2O(l) + Ca(CH3COO)2(aq)
  • HCOOH + NH4OH → NH4HCOO + HOH