KT4 1900-present

• What have criminals found since 1900 in Britain?

  New ways to commit old crimes
• What does the phrase "continuity or change" refer to in crime?

  It refers to the persistence of old crimes
• How has theft evolved over time?

  New methods have emerged due to technology
• What has changed about violent crimes over time?

  The weapons used in violent acts have changed
• When was drink-driving made illegal in Britain?

  Road Saftey Act 1967
• How has terrorism evolved in modern times?

  Modern weapons and transport increase risks
• What happened on 7 July 2005 in London?

  Four suicide bombers attacked central London
• What types of goods are commonly smuggled into Britain?

  Cigarettes, alcohol, and illegal drugs
• What is a new form of smuggling that has emerged?

  People-trafficking for prostitution and forced labor
• How are most cybercrimes related to older crimes?

  They are new versions of old crimes
• What is a significant issue with cybercrime for police?

  Perpetrators can be located overseas
• What societal changes occurred in 20th century Britain?

  • Multicultural society with diverse races and religions
  • Increased equality, especially for women
• What did the 1968 Race Relations Act establish?

  It made certain acts race crimes
• What does the Criminal Justice Act of 2005 allow?

  More severe sentences for hate crimes
• How are hate crimes defined under the Criminal Justice Act?

  Crimes against someone due to race, religion, or sexuality
• What are some new driving offences in modern Britain?

  • Driving while using a mobile phone
  • Driving under the influence of drugs
  • Driving without insurance or a valid license
  • Speeding and ignoring traffic signals
• What did the 1967 Abortion Act do?

  Decriminalised abortion in certain situations
• What did the 1967 Sexual Offences Act achieve?

  Decriminalised homosexuality for men over 21
• What does the 2006 Racial and Religious Hatred Act prohibit?

  Spreading racial or religious hatred
• What is the purpose of the Misuse of Drugs Act introduced in 1971?

  To classify and criminalize certain drugs
• What are the arguments surrounding drug criminalization?

  Some see it as necessary, others as a personal choice
• What factors have led to the emergence of new crimes since 1900?

  • Changing social attitudes (e.g., race crimes)
  • Crimes related to modern technology (e.g., computer hacking)
• There were many new crimes because of changing attitudes.
• Abortion Act - decriminalised abortion in certain situations.

  1967
• Sexual Offences Act - decriminalised homosexuality for men over 21

  1967
• Race relations act - illigal to discriminate against someone because of their race or ethnicity

  1968
• Criminal Justice Act - allowed more severe sentences for hate crimes

  2005
• Racial and Religous Hatred Act - made spreading racial or religios hate a crime

  2006
• Misuse of Drugs Act - taking or supplying some substances is illegal. Controversial as some think that drugs are a personal choice.

  1971
• Due to the increased number of vehicles on roads, driving offences were introduced (e.g. speeding, driving under the influence)
• Changes in Policing:

  • Motorised transport
  • Some officers are armed
  • Includes officers who are women or from different ethnic groups
• Changes in technology caused the development of specialised police departments such as National Crime Agency, Economic Crime Unit, Police Central e-crime Unit
• When was the Neighbourhood watch introduced?

  1982
• PCSOs were introduced to prevent crime by working with schools and community groups.

  2002
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  Why was the death penalty abolished in 1998 (last used in 1964)?

  • attitudes changing - reform more important
  • controversial cases
• Controversial Cases

  • 1950 - Timothy Evans, hanged for murdering his wife and baby. Later proven innocent
  • 1953 - Derek Bentley, hanged for murdering a policeman even though he didn't fire the gun and had severe learning disabilities
  • 1955 - Ruth Ellis, hanged for murdering her abusive boyfriend who caused her to have a miscarriage. Left her child without a mother.
• Changes to Prisons:

  • different level security prisons
  • probation, since 1907
  • hard labour abolished in 1948
  • separate prisons for young people
  • women's and men's prisons differ
• New punishments

  • community service
  • ASBOs
  • Electronic tagging
• Treatment of COs in WWI

  • Conscription for men from 1916
  • A clause in law escused COs
  • About 16000 refused to fight
  • Military tribunals decided if a CO was genuine
  • Only 400 were given an exemption
  • 'Alternativists' were given non-combat roles
  • 'Absolutists' were imprisoned, 10 died
• Treatment of COs in WWII

  • A clause in law excused COs
  • Over 59000 men and women refused to fight
  • Tribunals judged if a CO was genuine
  • All except 12204 were given complete or partial exception (non combat roles)
  • a far smaller percentage were sent to prison