MAPEH SPORTS AND TRADITIONAL GAMES

• Badminton:

  • Striking a shuttlecock with their racket, passing over the net and landing in their opponents' half of the court
  • History:
  • 19th century - Badminton was called "Poona" in India
  • 1860s - introduced as an upper-class amusement
  • 1860 - Isaac Spratt published a book on badminton battledore, a new game
  • 1934 - IBF (International Badminton Federation) established
  • 1936 - India joined affiliate BWF
  • Present - BWF governs international badminton, developing the sport globally
  • Grips in Badminton:
• • Forehand grip: handshake grip with thumb and pointing fingers forming a V
  • Backhand grip: thumb pressing flat on the handle, used for hitting the shuttle at the dominant side
  • Basic Rules:
  • Best of three games
  • First to score 21 points wins
  • Service is done diagonally, alternating sides based on the server's score
  • Service shuttlecock below waist
  • Points earned if service is incorrect, shuttle lands outside boundaries, hits the person's dress, or does not travel towards the opponent's court
  • "Love" is zero, serve right to right
• Table Tennis:

  • Also known as Ping-Pong, Gossima, Whiff-Whaff
  • Objective: hit the ball over the net and bounce on the opponent's half of the table
  • Point scored if opponent fails to return the ball correctly
  • Brief History:
  • 1926 - ITTF (International Table Tennis Federation) established
  • 1988 - became an Olympic sport
  • Fundamental skills:
  • Forehand Grip: European Type Grip
  • Backhand Grip: Pen-Hold Grip
  • Basic Rules:
  • Let is a rally with no score
  • Point scored in a rally
  • Service done by projecting the ball near vertically upwards without spin
• • Singles and doubles rules for serving and returning
  • Game won by first player or pair scoring 11 points, with expedite system at 10 points
• Tennis:

  • Also called Lawn Tennis, played in a rectangular court
  • Points scored when opponent fails to return the ball within court dimensions
  • Singles, doubles, and mixed doubles categories
  • ITF (International Tennis Federation) governs the sport
  • Basic Strokes:
  • Serve, ground stroke, volley, lob, drop, smash
  • Basic Rules:
  • Made up of two or three sets, win at least six games
  • "Love" is zero, points progress as 15, 30, 40
  • Game point wins the game
  • Best of 3 or 5 sets to win
  • Ball touching a line is considered in
  • Additional Points:
• • Ace is a good serve
  • Forehand topspin shot is a basic offensive shot
• Athletics:

  • Track and Field includes running, throwing, walking, and jumping
  • Track events: sprint, middle distance, long distance, relay, hurdles, road races
  • Field events: jumping (high jump, long jump, pole vault, triple jump) and throwing (shot put, discus, hammer throw, javelin)
  • Other Events:
  • Heptathlon: seven events usually for women
  • Decathlon: ten events
  • Additional Points:
  • IAAF (International Association of Athletics Federations)
  • Baton is passed in relay races
  • Triple jump is also known as hop, step, jump
• Taekwondo:

  • System of symmetrical body exercises for self-defense
  • Empty-hand martial arts combat from Korea
  • Scoring: 1 point for body punch or kick, 2 points for head kicks, 3 points for turning kick to the head
• Arnis:

  • Use of cane for self-defense
  • Also known as Kali or Eskrima
  • RA no. 9850 declared Arnis as the national martial art and sport of the Philippines
  • Combative Arnis: wins round by gaining five points ahead, disarming opponent twice, or opponent committing three fouls
  • Arnis De Mano: technique of harnessing the hand
  • Arnis Events:
  • Full Contact Event: combative sport with weight categories
• Arnis Events:

  • Full Contact Event: combative sport held in an 8.0 x 8.0 meters court with weight categories
  • Arnis Anyo Event: demonstration of artistic and choreographed movements lasting between 1 to 2 minutes
  • Sinawali: involves striking or weaving with criss-crossing movements of canes/sticks
• Additional Points of Arnis:

  • Solo baston: single stick
  • Espada y daga: dagger
  • Back leaning stance: touching the ground with a pivot at the back
  • Ernesto Presas: grandmaster who reintroduced Arnis as a martial art
  • Knock out: inability to continue the match after a 10-count
  • Sinawali: using two sticks of equal length
• Soccer/Football:

  • Played with two teams of 11 players each
  • Maneuver the ball without using hands or arms
  • FIFA: Fėdėration Internationale de Football Associations
  • Originated in the 19th century in Bretain
  • Sarina Bolden: first goal delivery from the Philippines in the Women’s World Cup
  • Players and their positions: Goalkeeper, Defender, Outside Fullback, Central Defenders, Midfielders, Forwards, Center Forward
  • Start of the game: decided by a coin toss
• Basketball:

  • Played with two teams of 5 players each
  • Scoring: two points inside the arc, three points outside the arc, one point for a free throw
  • History: invented in 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts by James Naismith
  • Elements involved: American Football, soccer, and hockey
  • Tallest players: Center, Power Forward, Small Forward
  • Shorter players: Point Guard, Shooting Guard
• Volleyball:

  • Originated as Mintonette in 1895 in Massachusetts, USA
  • Played with 6 players on each team on a 9 x 18 meters court separated by a net
  • History: introduced in the Olympic Games in Tokyo in 1964
  • Fundamental skills: The serve, The pass, The attack, The block, Digging
  • Team composition: Three forwards and three backs
• Baseball:

  • Played with two teams of nine players each
  • Scoring: making a complete circuit around bases
  • National sport of the USA
  • History: unofficial debut at the Olympics in 1904
  • Basic skills: Throwing, Pitching, Catching, Hitting/Batting
• Softball:

  • Indoor baseball with various names like kitten ball, diamond ball, mush ball
  • Played on a 45-46 foot square field
  • Fundamental skills: Throwing, Hitting/Batting, Catching, Base running, Fielding
  • Additional points: Bunt, Overarm throw, Walk, Battery (pitcher and catcher)
• The game is played by two teams, with one team trying to get the ball into their opponent's basket while defending against the other team.
• In basketball, there are different types of fouls that can be committed, such as technical fouls, personal fouls, flagrant fouls, and intentional fouls.
• During a basketball game, if a player touches the ball more than once without releasing it, they commit a double dribble violation.
• Patintero:

  • Traditional game with 6 and 8 players
  • Played outdoors
  • Equipment: water, stick, charcoal
  • IT players taggers who situate themselves inside the lines of the rectangle
  • Runners try to get through both ends of the field and back without being tagged or blocked
• Palo Sebo:

  • Men race up a greased coconut tree
  • Similar game to Pinang in Java, Indonesia
  • Typically done by young males in open spaces during fiestas and celebrations
  • Involves a long polished bamboo pole greased with oil, with a prize placed at the top, usually a cash prize
• Sunka or Chongca, Sungca, Sunkaan, Sunca, Tsunka:

  • Board game played with a wooden pea-pod
• Pukpok Palayok or Hampas Palayok:

  • Seen in Filipino fiestas
  • Involves hitting a piñata, a version of the Philippines
• Luksong Tinik:

  • Played outside with players divided into sets
  • Involves a mother and child
  • IT players are two players who sit facing each other, stacking their feet and hands together
• Luksong Baka:

  • Originated in Bulacan
  • Requires a minimum of 3 players and a maximum of 10 players
  • Involves jumping over a person
• If a player steps out of bounds during play, it results in an out-of-bounds violation.
• A backcourt violation occurs when a defensive player crosses over half court line with possession of the ball or deflects the ball across the midline.
• Swimming can be dated back to the Stone Age
• In the nineteenth century, swimming became involved as a competitive sport
• St George’s Bath in England in 1828 was the first public swimming pool
• The National Swimming Society was established in England in 1837
• In 1896, swimming was first introduced in the Olympic Games in Athens, Greece as a men's sport with events in Freestyle (Crawl) and breaststroke
• In 1904, backstroke was added as an Olympic event
• In 1908, FINA (Fédération Internationale de Nation) was established in Lausanne, Switzerland as the governing body for swimming
• In 1912, women’s swimming became part of the Olympic Games in Stockholm
• In the 1940s, bringing both arms forward over their heads was forbidden in breaststroke
• In 1956, the butterfly stroke was introduced
• Currently, swimming is part of the Summer Olympics with 17 events for both men and women
• The major swimming strokes are:

  • Free Style Stroke (Front crawl): Fastest and most efficient stroke
  • Back Stroke: Only stroke not performed facing downward, different start
  • Breast Stroke: Oldest and slowest stroke, used by Captain Mathew Webb to swim across the English Channel in 1875
  • Butterfly stroke: Most difficult and exhausting stroke, originated from the backstroke
• Other swimming strokes include:

  • Sidestroke: PAK method, the head is above the water all the time
  • Trudgen: Named after John Trudgen, a mix between sidestroke and freestyle
  • Dog Paddle: PAK method, paddling both arms underwater as a rhythmic movement