Reviewer Rizal

• Nationalism is the desire of a nation and an imagined political community
• Patriotism is a positive and supportive attitude
• Chauvinism is aggressive patriotism
• Imperialism is the extending of power or dominion
• Racism is the belief that one racial group is more superior
• Xenophobia is the fear or hatred of strangers
• Militarism is the maintenance of a strong military capability
• Fascism is characterized by complete authoritarianism
• A nation is a group of people identified as sharing psychological characteristics that identify individuals
• A state is the government and other institutions that run the country
• Nationalism involves strong identification and describes a movement to establish either reactionary or ultraconservative and revolutionary ideals, emphasizing collective identity
• Selected types of nationalism include:

  • Civic Nationalism: association of people with equal and shared political rights
  • Left-Wing Nationalism: known as socialist nationalism, combines left-wing politics
  • Ethno Nationalism: a particular strain of nationalism marked by ethnic community
  • Expansionist Nationalism: expansion to new territories, where globalism enters
  • Territorial Nationalism: owing allegiance, with a sacred quality of sought citizenship idealized
• Globalism is an attitude or policy that aims to create a borderless world
• Filipino Nationalism causes include:

  • Insular and mountainous character limiting development
  • Dismal state of transportation and communication facilities
  • Passport requirements for travel
  • Linguistic differences and absence of a common language
  • Refusal of the Spaniards

  Factors contributing to Filipino Nationalism:

  • Spanish misrule and exploitation
  • Hastened economic and political development
  • Exposure to liberal and revolutionary ideas
• • November 9, 1775, ordered the secularization of the parish

  * Liberal Regime of Carlos Ma. de la Torre:

  • Most liberal and most loved governor-general of the Philippines
  • Rafael de Izquierdo ruled with a crucifix on one hand

  * Cavite Mutiny and the Execution of Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora:

  • January 20, 1872, a group of military men seized the fort of San Felipe
• • French Revolution providing intellectual basis
  • Masses continued to bear the burden of taxation

  * Racial Prejudice:

  • Filipinos regarded as inferior races
  • Referred to as Indios
  • Antonio Morga debunked the allegations of the Spaniards

  * Secularization Controversy:

  • Transformation into a Filipinization controversy involving Spanish regular and secular priests contributing to the development of nationalism
  • Exponi Nobis, an apostolic brief allowing regulars to serve as parish priests
  • Archbishop Basilion Santa Justa's determination to assert diocesan supremacy
• Contributory factors to Filipino Nationalism:

  * Opening of the Philippines to International Trade:

  • Stimulated commercial cultivation of certain export crops
  • Introduced scientific techniques to agricultural production
  • Led to growth of commerce and industry
  • Divided principles between the middle class
  • Improved transportation and communication facilities

  * Rise of the Middle Class:

  • Improved social status, sending their children to education
  • Labeled as "beast loaded with gold"

  * Impact of European Liberalism:

  • Opening of Philippine ports
  • People having the right to revolution
• Dr. Jose Rizal Mercado y Alonso (1861-1896) was made our foremost national hero
• Rizal is considered the greatest hero and martyr of the nation
• Rizal was a Great Malayan
• Rizal's doctrines are considered not only for one epoch but for all epochs
• Rizal was a man honored after death
• Marcelo H. del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Jose Rizal, Gen. Antonio Luna, Emilio Jacinto, and Andres Bonifacio were the final choices of heroes
• A hero is a prominent or central personage, a person of distinguished valor, and a man honored after death
• Rizal took an admirable part in the Propaganda Campaign
• Pedro A. Paterno wrote "Ninay"
• Marcelo H. del Pilar wrote "La Soberania Monacal"
• Graciano Lopez wrote "Discursos y Articulos Varios"
• Antonio Luna wrote "Impresiones"
• Antonio Maria Regidor, a Filipino exile of 1872, said that the book was superior and compared it to "Don Quijote"
• Prof. Ferdinand Blumentitt said that Rizal's work has been written and that he is the greatest product of the Philippines
• In the Philippines, the hero's novel was attacked and condemned by a Faculty Committee of Manila University
• The Committee found the book heretical, impious, and scandalous to the religious order
• The Commission recommended that the importation and reproduction of the novel be absolutely prohibited
• The Rizal bill (1956), also known as Republic Act no.1425, was passed
• Rizal's work was lambasted and criticized by Senator Fernando Vida, Deputy Luis M. de Pando, and Premiere Praxedes Mateo Sagasta
• Congressman Henry Allen Cooper recited the martyr Ultimo Pensamiento on the floor
• Dr. Frank C. Laubach, an American biographer, said that Rizal's consuming life purpose was the secret of his moral courage
• Pedro Roxas pleaded with Rizal to step off the boat
• Rizal was made to face the firing squad at Bagumbayan Field, now the Luneta