phy

• The ship floats because of the forces acting on it
• The upward force acting on the ship is called upthrust
• Forces are vector quantities, meaning they have both magnitude and direction
• An example of a vector quantity is force
• The upthrust force acting on the ship is proportional to the pressure difference between the bottom of the ship and the surface of the sea
• The formula linking pressure difference, height, density, and gravitational field strength (g) is needed
• To show that the pressure acting on the bottom of the ship is approximately 260 kPa, calculations need to be done using the given density of seawater
• Know and use the relationship between average speed, distance moved, and time taken
• Know and use the relationship between acceleration, change in velocity, and time taken
• Determine acceleration from the gradient of a velocity-time graph
• Determine the distance traveled from the area between a velocity-time graph and the time axis
• Use the relationship between final speed, initial speed, acceleration, and distance moved
• Explain why a series or parallel circuit is more appropriate for particular applications, including domestic lighting
• Know and use the relationship between weight, mass, and gravitational field strength: weight = mass × gravitational field strength
• Understand how the current in a series circuit depends on the applied voltage and the number and nature of other components
• Know that lamps and LEDs can be used to indicate the presence of a current in a circuit
• Know that current is the rate of flow of charge
• Know and use the relationship between charge, current, and time
• Know that electric current in solid metallic conductors is a flow of negatively charged electrons
• Understand why current is conserved at a junction in a circuit
• Describe energy transfers involving energy stores: energy stores - chemical, kinetic, gravitational, elastic, thermal, magnetic, electrostatic, nuclear; energy transfers - mechanically, electrically, by heating, by radiation (light and sound)
• Use the principle of conservation of energy
• Know and use the relationship between work done, force, and distance moved in the direction of the force
• Know that work done is equal to energy transferred
• Know and use the relationship between gravitational potential energy, mass, gravitational field strength, and height
• Know and use the kinetic energy relationship
• Understand how conservation of energy produces a link between gravitational potential energy, kinetic energy, and work
• Describe power as the rate of transfer of energy or the rate of doing work
• Use the relationship between power, work done (energy transferred), and time taken
• Units


  • kilogram (kg)
  • metre (m)
  • metre/second (m/s)
  • metre/second2 (m/s2)
  • newton (N)
  • second (s)
  • newton/kilogram (N/kg)
• Additional units


  • newton metre (Nm)
  • kilogram metre/second (kg m/s)
• Movement and position


  1. Plot and explain distance−time graphs

  2. Know and use the relationship between average speed, distance moved and time taken

  3. Investigate the motion of everyday objects such as toy cars or tennis balls

  4. Know and use the relationship between acceleration, change in velocity and time taken

  5. Plot and explain velocity-time graphs

  6. Determine acceleration from the gradient of a velocity−time graph

  7. Determine the distance travelled from the area between a velocity−time graph and the time axis

  8. Use the relationship between final speed, initial speed, acceleration and distance moved
• Units


  • kilogram (kg)
  • joule (J)
  • metre (m)
  • metre/second (m/s)
  • metre/second2 (m/s2)
  • newton (N)
  • second (s)
  • watt (W)
• Energy stores


  • Chemical
  • Kinetic
  • Gravitational
  • Elastic
  • Thermal
  • Magnetic
  • Electrostatic
  • Nuclear
• Energy transfers


  • Mechanically
  • Electrically
  • By heating
  • By radiation (light and sound)
• The principle of conservation of energy is used
• Efficiency


  Useful energy output / Total energy output * 100%
• Describing energy transfer in devices and situations

  1. Explain the transfer of the input energy in terms of the efficiency relationship, including their representation by Sankey diagrams

  2. Describe how thermal energy transfer may take place by conduction, convection and radiation

  3. Explain the role of convection in everyday phenomena

  4. Explain how emission and absorption of radiation are related to surface and temperature

  5. Investigate thermal energy transfer by conduction, convection and radiation

  6. Explain ways of reducing unwanted energy transfer, such as insulation
• Work and power


  1. Know and use the relationship between work done, force and distance moved in the direction of the force

  2. Know that work done is equal to energy transferred

  3. Know and use the relationship between gravitational potential energy, mass, gravitational field strength and height

  4. Know and use the relationship for kinetic energy

  5. Understand how conservation of energy produces a link between gravitational potential energy, kinetic energy and work

  6. Describe power as the rate of transfer of energy or the rate of doing work

  7. Use the relationship between power, work done (energy transferred) and time taken
• Energy resources and electricity generation

  1. Describe the energy transfers involved in generating electricity using wind, water, geothermal resources, solar heating systems, solar cells, fossil fuels, and nuclear power

  2. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of methods of large-scale electricity production from various renewable and non-renewable resources