4Q EXAM

• A living thing has the capacity to reproduce
• Reproduction - produce offspring
• The 2 modes of reproduction are sexual and asexual
• Sexual reproduction - fertilization
• Asexual Reproduction - generation of new individuals without the fusion of egg and sperm cells
• Binary Fission - the separation of a parent organism into 2 individuals of approximately equal size
• Budding results from the outgrowth of a part of a cell or body region, leading to a separation from the original organism into 2 individuals
• Corals, hydra, and invertebrates undergo budding
• Fragmentation and Regeneration are 2 different processes
• Fragmentation is the breaking of the body in several places
• Regeneration is the regrowth of lost body parts
• Tapeworms, sponges, sea squirts, worms, and more undergo fragmentation and regeneration
• Parthenogenesis - an egg develops without being fertilized,forexample: sharks, bees, and wasps
• Sexual reproduction - fusion of haploid gametes, forming a diploid cell, the zygote, and then a new individual
• Diploid - 23 from father, 23 from mother = 46 for humans
• Haploid "half"
• Gametes - sperm cell/egg cell
• Zygote - fused sperm & egg = 1 cell
• Discharge releases when women are most fertile
• Before a cell divides, it goes through checkpoint to make sure it's healthy and safe to divide
• If unhealthy cells divide uncontrollably with errors, it can develop a tumor, eventually leading to cancer
• The goal of mitosis is to produce 2 new cells
• Mitosis stages - Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis
• Gametes or germ line cells undergo meiosis
• Diploid germ cells have 2 copies of each chromosome and produce haploid gametes (half of each chromosome)
• Different alignments = different combinations in meiosis
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) - Genetic material for all living things
• Every strand of DNA have segments with different genes
• Genotype - DNA Sequence ( codes )
• Phenotype - Characteristics ( physical manifestation )
• DNA - contains instructions needed for an organism to survive, develop, and reproduce
• DNA - double stranded and double helix (thousands of nucleotides depending on the length)
• A DNA Strand is made of: a phosphate group, pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base
• 4 Bases for DNA (Chargaff's Rule) :Adenine (Red) & Thymine (Green)Guanine (Yellow) & Cytosine (Blue)
• DNA sequences must be converted into proteins
• Protein supports - muscles, keratin for hair and nails, digestive system, the heart, etc.
• Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) - only needed for protein synthesis to occur
• RNA has one strand/helix
• RNA - Uracil instead of Thymine
• Thymine - stronger base