Introduction to Diagnostic Bacteriology

• branch of biology which deals with the

  study of living organisms that are small to be seen by

  the naked eye.

  Microbiology
• a branch of medical science

  which deals with the study of medically important

  microorganisms specifically their role in human disease

  which includes diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of

  infectious diseases.

  Medical Microbiology
• a branch of medical microbiology that focuses on the laboratory

  identification of medically important bacteria by phenotypical and genotypical characterization including antibiotic susceptibility testing.

  Diagnostic Bacteriology
• like human, have distinct/specific characteristics as well.

  bacteria
• Each ____ or each family of it has a unique set of antibiotics that could kill them.

  bacterium
• There are certain bacteria that couldn’t be killed by a particular

  ____. Thus, the need to identify that could kill it.

  antibiotic
• They do not have the characteristics that are similar to the characteristics of a cell; Instead, they do depend in other cells in

  terms of reproduction

  Acellular infectious agents
• Contains cellular organelles (nucleus, ribosomes, ER, etc.)

  Cellular microorganisms
• Lack true nucleus, has nucleus and genetic material, but lacking

  nuclear membrane. Thus, we call it a nucleoid region.

  Prokaryotes
• Has true nucleus, Nucleus is enclosed in a nuclear membrane, contains the genetic material of the cell

  Eukaryotes
• Archaea, bacteria


  prokaryote
• Algae, Fungi, Protozoa, animal cell, plant cell

  eukaryotes
• Microbes are said to be _____. Meaning, they are seen everywhere; virtually everywhere.

  ubiquitous
• normal flora; non-pathogenic (not capable of causing diseases in normal circumstances, but they have the possibility of transforming from non-pathogenic to pathogenic)


  Human
• They are medically important if their bacteria are transmitted to

  humans

  Animals
• Includes soil, water, and air, Reservoir

  Environment
• Very simple microbes; consisting of nucleic acid, a few proteins, and (in some), a lipid envelope

  Virus
• Completely dependent on the cells they

  infect for their survival and replication; Specific to their host cell [lock-and-key; specific receptor]

  virus
• With both RNA and DNA; metabolic machinery for self-replication, and a complex cell wall structure (ASEXUAL)

  bacteria
• Subdivided into single-celled organisms (yeasts) or multi-celled organisms (molds), with a few medically important members

  existing in both forms (dimorphic fungi)

  fungi
• (exists in uni or multi: yeast or mold; iisa lang ang form)

  monophormic
• has 2 forms: yeasts and molds


  dimorphic
• Subdivided into single-celled organisms (protozoa) or multi-celled organisms (worms and bugs)

  parasite
• disease causing microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoans, and viruses, as long as they are capable of causing diseases

  pathogens
• Refers to an organism that will cause disease in a healthy host

  True pathogens
• Refers to organisms that will cause disease in an immunocompromised host [the immune system is compromised; immunity is low]

  opportunistic pathogens
• refers to the ability of an organism to cause disease in a host organism

  pathogenicity
• refers to the degree of pathogenicity; the power by which a pathogen can cause severe disease

  virulence
• refers to any genetic, biochemical, or structural features that

  enable a pathogen to cause disease in a host organism

  Pathogenic Determinants/Virulence Factors
• refers to the entry, invasion, and multiplication of pathogens in or on to the host body system which results to subsequent tissue injury and progress to overt disease.

  infection
• Infection arising from colonizing flora [also known as indigenous

  microflora; also known as resident flora, microbiota]

  endogenous infection
• Infection arising from invading pathogen from the external

  environment

  exogenous infection
• Rapid/sudden onset of signs and symptoms which are usually severe to fatal that may lead to death

  acute infection
• Gradual onset of signs and symptoms that are usually mild to

  moderate that may progress to long standing infection

  chronic infection
• Infection acquired during hospitalization

  nosocomial infection
• Is an animal disease which can spread to humans; animal acquired infection

  zoonotic infection
• No obvious appearance of signs and symptoms and the person is unaware of the infection

  SUBCLINICAL/ ASYMPTOMATIC/ NONAPPARENT
• Associated with presence of overt signs and symptoms of the disease.

  CLINICAL/ SYMPTOMATIC/ APPARENT
• an altered health state in an infected host

  disease
• is an illness caused by pathogen which invades body tissues and causes damage

  Infectious disease