Cells

• What are the three principles in the cell theory?

  all living things are made up of one or more cells, all cells come from previously existing cells through cell division and a cell is the basic functional unit of structure and function in living organisms
• What does the rER do?

  Contains ribosomes, modifies the proteins produced and assists with their transport
• What does the sER do?

  lipid synthesis and metabolism
• What does the golgi body do?

  packages macromolecules for transport around the cell
• What does the ribosome do?

  protein synthesis
• What does the cytoskeleton do?

  supports cell structure, moves organelles around and manipulates the cell membrane
• What does the vacuole do in a plant cell?

  stores solutes, controls cell turgidity and helps maintain water balance
• What does a vacuole do in an animal cell?

  holds dissolved substances and food particles
• What does a lysosome do?

  contains hydrolyctic enzymes which prevent necrosis
• anabolic reactions synthesize larger molecules, absorbing energy
• catabolic reactions break larger molecules, releasing energy
• larger molecules have more energy stored in the bonds
• autotrophs undergo photosynthesis to produce glucose
• heterotrophs gain glucose form their diet
• the sun is essential for giving energy for life
• What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?

  6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
• What is the chemical formula for aerobic respiration?

  C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
• How many ATP does aerobic respiration produce?

  38
• How many ATP does anaerobic respiration produce?

  2
• What is the chemical formula for lactic acid fermentation?

  C6​H12​O6​ → 2C3​H6​O3
• What is the chemical formula for alcohol fermentation?

  C6​H12​O6​→2C2​H5​OH+2CO2
• Hydrolysis is when water is used to facilitate the release of an inorganic phosphate
• The semi-permeable membrane of a cell allows some molecules to cross more readily than others due to the structure of the phospholipid bilayer
• What is simple diffusion?

  When particles move through the semi-permeable membrane, with the net movement being from higher [] to lower []
• Osmosis is the diffusion of water from low solute [] to high solute []
• What is facilitated diffusion?


  Where integral proteins are used to transport molecules across membrane
• channel proteins allow specific molecules to travel through according to the [] gradient
• carrier proteins change shape to transport larger solutes across the membrane
• carrier proteins can also be used for active transport to move molecules against the [] gradient, using 1 ATP