Phase 2

• Home Rule Movement:

  • Started in 1915 by Lokmanya Tilak in Pune and in 1916 by British social reformer Annie Besant in Madras
  • Annie Besant was an Indian independence leader
  • Main objective was the attainment of self-rule governance
• Home rule Movement: 😀

  • Controlled by Indian National Congress
  • Muslim League joined Congress in its demand for home rule
• Lucknow Congress Session (December 1916):

  • Moderates and radicals reunited after 9 years
  • Lucknow Pact (Congress-League Pact) was signed
  • Muhammad Ali Jinnah supported the Lucknow Pact
• Government of India Act (1919):

  • Passed after the First World War
  • Named as Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms after Secretary of State Edwin Montagu and Viceroy of India Lord Chelmsford
  • Central Legislative Council became bicameral
  • Provincial councils were enlarged with elected majority
  • Introduced dyarchy in provinces with reserved and transferred lists for governing departments
• Rowlatt Act (1919):

  • Allowed government to arrest anyone without warrant and imprison them without trial
  • National Humiliation Day (also known as Black Day) was celebrated on April 6, 1919
• Satyagraha Sabha:

  • Organized by Gandhiji for country-side protests
  • First protest of Hindu and Muslim unity
  • Civil authorities felt unable to deal with the situation, leading to martial law in Amritsar and Lahore
• Mahatma Gandhi:

  • Fought against the oppression of Indians in South Africa
  • Founded Sabarmati Ashram near Ahmedabad
  • Purpose of the ashram was to welcome people of all castes and religions
  • Coined the term "Harijans" for those denied access to education
• Champaran Movement (1917):

  • Gandhi led protests of indigo plantation workers in Bihar against fixed prices by the British
• Ahmedabad Textile Mill Strike (1918):

  • Gandhi led workers against mill owners to raise wages
• Pro changer group, led by Das Motilal Nehru and Vithalbhai Patel, formed the Swaraj party
• Pro changer group opposed the boycott of legislative council, believing that boycotting elections would result in people loyal to the British government being elected, making it difficult to abolish British rule in India
• Swaraj party was formed in 1923 by the Pro changer group
• Pro changer group won a large number of seats in the central legislative assembly in the same year, making it difficult for the British to get their policies approved
• Non changer group, led by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Dr. MA Ansari, and C. Rajagopalachari, focused on implementing Gandhiji's constructive program, uplifting the poor by teaching them skills like using the charkha and denouncing untouchability
• Mobilization of peasants was actively pursued by Congress, with Kisan Sabhas fighting against the British and their agents in India
• Peasants were active participants during the non-cooperation movement
• Vallabhbhai Patel organized the Bardoli Satyagrah in 1928 to protest against increased taxes on peasants by the British government
• Hindustan Republic Association, later renamed Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA), was formed in 1924 with the main objective of overthrowing the British government through revolution
• Revolutionaries stopped a train in 1925 at Kakori, Uttar Pradesh, looting government money for revolutionary activities
• Revolutionaries assassinated British police officer Saunders in 1928, who had inflicted fatal injuries on Lala Lajpat Rai and scumbeed to death on 17 November 1928
• Bhagat Singh suggested adding "socialist" to the Hindustan Republic Association's name as one of their goals
• Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb in the central legislative assembly on 8 April 1929 to protest the public safety bill and arrest of 31 leaders
• Young revolutionaries like Binoy Bose, Badal Gupta, and Dinesh Gupta targeted unpopular police and magistrates
• Revolutionary Surya Sen organized the Indian Republican Army, attacking and occupying the police armory at Chittagong 18 April 1930
• Women revolutionaries provided shelter, acted as messengers, and sometimes attacked Britishers
• Preetilata Wadedar was a revolutionary woman who became a martyr in the freedom struggle
• In 1931, revolutionary movements lost momentum, and on 23rd March 1931, Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev were hanged
• Chandrashekhar Azad lost his life while fighting against the British in Allahabad
• British government appointed the Simon Commission in 1927 to look into the working of the Government of India Act of 1919
• Protest matches were held all over the country when the Simon Commission arrived in India in February 1928, with leaders of Congress, Muslim League, and Hindu Mahasabha boycotting the commission
• Rabindranath Tagore re-announced his knighthood
• The government declared martial law throughout the Punjab
• Mohammed Ali and Shaukat Ali are known as Ali brothers
• Ali brothers launched the Khilafat movement in the year 1920
• The Khilafat movement was a protest against the injustice done in Turkey after the First World War
• The Sultan of Turkey is also called the caliph or Khalifa
• Turkey was very important for Indian Muslims
• During the First World War, the Ottoman Empire broke down into several pieces
• Minister Lloyd George was the British Prime Minister
• Muslims began to protest against the injustice of Turkey