OA - GE ELEC 2

• Psychodynamic theory is a collection of psychological theories emphasizing the importance of drives and other forces in human functioning, especially unconscious drives
• Childhood experiences form the basis for adult personality and relationships according to psychodynamic theory
• Freud proposed the three fundamental structures of the human mind: the id, ego, and superego
• Conflicts among the id, ego, and superego, and efforts to find balance among them, determine behavior and approach to the world
• The id operates by the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of instinctual needs
• The ego is the executive of the personality, serving the rational ego through the reality principle
• The superego is the judicial branch of the personality, linked to conscience and influencing what is considered right and wrong
• Freud compared the mind to an iceberg, with only about one-tenth being conscious and the rest unconscious
• Freud's psychosexual stages of development include oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages
• Each psychosexual stage has an associated erogenous zone that is the greatest source of stimulation and pleasure
• Defense mechanisms are psychological strategies unconsciously used to protect from anxiety arising from unacceptable thoughts or feelings
• Examples of defense mechanisms include repression, regression, denial, projection, reaction formation, displacement, rationalization, sublimation, compensation, and regression
• Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, who created an entirely new approach to the understanding of the human personality.
• Sigmund Freud is regarded as one of the most influential and controversial minds of the 20th century.
• Freud’s view psychodynamic theory is actually a collection of psychological theories which emphasize the importance of drives and other forces in human functioning, especially unconscious drives.
• only about one-tenth of our mind is conscious, and the rest of our mind is unconscious.
• Our unconscious refers to that mental activity of which we are unaware and are unable to access.
• According to Freud, unacceptable urges and desires are kept in our unconscious through a process called repression.
• The first stage of Freud Psychosexual Stages was Oral: Birth to 12 months, Oral receptive and oral aggressive.
• The second stage of Freud Psychosexual Stages was Anal: 18 months- 3yrs old, Anal retentive and anal expulsive.
• The third stage of Freud Psychosexual Stages was Phallic: 3 to 6 years old Oedipus Complex and Electra Complex
• The fourth stage of Freud Psychosexual Stages was Latency: 6 to puberty. Children spend more time and interact mostly with same sex peers.
• The fifth stage of Freud Psychosexual Stages was Genital. Puberty onward. Individual are attracted to opposite sex peers.
• Repression is an unconscious defense mechanism employed by the ego to keep disturbing or threatening thoughts from becoming conscious.
• Regression is the reversion to an earlier stage of development in the face of unacceptable thoughts or impulses
• Denial is the refusal to accept reality or fact, acting as if a painful event, thought or feeling did not exist.
• Projection is the misattribution of a person’s undesired thoughts, feelings, or impulses onto another person who does not have those thoughts, feelings or impulses.
• Reaction Formation is the converting of unwanted or dangerous thoughts, feelings or impulses into their opposites.
• Displacement is the redirecting of thoughts, feelings and impulses directed at one person or object, but taken out upon another person or object.
• Rationalization is putting something into a different light or offering a different explanation for one’s perceptions or behaviors in the face of a changing reality.
• Sublimation is simply the channeling of unacceptable impulses, thoughts and emotions into more acceptable ones.
• Compensation is a process of psychologically counterbalancing perceived weaknesses by emphasizing strength in other arenas. By emphasizing and focusing on one’s strengths, a person is recognizing they cannot be strong at all things and in all areas in their lives.
• Regression. Is a mechanism in which a person returns to an earlier stage of development when he or she experiences stress.
• Biological theories are the earliest approaches in explaining the

  physical and behavioral development of a man and a woman.
• Gender development is inconsistent; the theory still provides interesting insights on the possible effect of genes and hormones on one’s femininity and masculinity.
• Sex refers to biological differences between males and females, including chromosomes, reproductive organs, and hormones
• Gender refers to the cultural differences expected (by society / culture) of men and women according to their sex.
• The 23rd pair of chromosomes determines biological sex as either female (XX) or male (XY)
• XY chromosome contains genes responsible for masculine traits like aggressiveness and risk-taking
• XX chromosome is sturdier than the Y chromosome