reading and writing

• Properties of a well-written text:

  • Writing aims to convey information to readers
  • Text needs unity and connectedness
  • Unity: all parts of the text from the first one to the very last one,serve one purpose only
  • Connectedness: being able to weave your ideas in a such way that they flow logically
  • Properties of a well-written text: organization, coherence and cohesion, language use, and mechanics
• Organization of a text:

  • Logical arrangement of ideas in a text
  • Divided into introduction, body, and conclusion
  • Deductive organization: main idea presented first, followed by supporting details,general ideas to specific
  • Inductive organization: starts with evidence and details, leading to the main idea specific to general.
  • An outline is a framework that help writers achieve a logical sequence and structure of ideas in a text.
• Coherence in a text:

  • Oneness of ideas, sentences, and paragraphs
  • Achieved by ensuring all relevant ideas stick together
  • Transitional devices help maintain coherence
• Effective ways of collecting information

  Brainstorming: Gather thoughts and write down specific topics
• Graphic organizer

  Visual and structured representation of ideas and concepts included in the written text
• Concept map

  Diagram showing relationships between and among ideas or concepts
• Cluster map

  Diagram showing how ideas can be grouped according to certain criteria or similarities
• Fishbone map

  Diagram showing cause-and-effect relationships
• Venn diagram

  Illustration using circles to show similarities and differences of ideas or concepts
• KWLH chart

  Reflect on learning experience: KNOW, WANT to know, LEARN in real time, HOW more learning can happen
• Flow chart

  Diagram showing steps involved in a process
• Cycle diagram

  Illustrates steps involved in a continuous or repeated series of events
• Time line

  Visual representation of events in chronological sequence over a period of time
• Plot diagram

  Representation of the plot of a story, showing the sequence of events
• Outline

  Framework or plan to arrange ideas and concepts according to hierarchy, importance, or chronology
• Outline formats

  • Alphanumeric (traditional)
  • Decimal (modern)
• Types of outlines

  • Topic outline
  • Sentence outline
• Narration is a pattern of development that aims to tell a story or recount a specific event
• Objective narration

  Makes use of factual information and accurate language to recount a chronological sequence of verifiable events
• Subjective narration

  Presents a story based largely on the writer's feelings and personal impressions
• Main parts of a narrative text

  • Introduction
  • Body
  • Conclusion
• Age is used to recount a chronological sequence of verifiable events, particularly in medical and legal documents
• Subjective narration presents a story based largely on the writer's feelings and personal impressions
• Main parts of a narrative text

  • Introduction
  • Body
  • Conclusion
• Introduction of a narrative text

  1. Offer a sneak peek of what the reader can expect, introduce main characters, explain why the narration is noteworthy

  2. For subjective narration, start with a hook to grab readers' attention, like a proverb, rhetorical question, or startling statement

  3. For objective narration, begin with a thesis statement presenting the main idea
• Body of a narrative text

  Delve into the actual events, present supporting details that expound the thesis statement, arrange details chronologically
• Conclusion of a narrative text

  1. Summarize major points, emphasize important ideas presented in the body

  2. For subjective narration, leave readers with a question or statement to ponder on

  3. For objective narration with a thesis statement, relate the conclusion to the thesis statement
• Description

  A pattern of development that aims to create a vivid mental picture of a person, object, place, or event in the reader's mind
• Spatial order

  Sequences ideas and details by space or location (e.g., from left to right, top to bottom, outer to inner portion)
• Dominant impression

  The thesis statement of a descriptive text that shows the writer's opinion and overall feeling about the topic
• Objective description

  Shows the exact appearance, characteristics, or condition of the topic being described, based on factual details
• Subjective description

  Provides details about a person, object, place, or event based on the writer's impressions, feelings, and emotions; also known as impressionistic description