WEEK 2 - MICROPARA

• First microorganism on Earth

  • Archeans - live in thermal beds (extreme environment)
  • Cyanobacteria - photosynthesis (thick peptidoglycan?
  • chlorophyll (green)
  • carotenoids (yellow-orange)
  • phycobilin (blue)
  • phycoerythrin (red)
• Lebiticus - showed the first recording of public health
• Origin of Microbes

  Theory of Abiogenesis

  • Francisco Redi
  • "spontaneous generation"
  • life came from non-living matter
• Theory of Biogenesis

  • Louise Pasteur
  • "S-flask experiment"
  • life exist on PRE-EXISTING living organism
• Milestones in Microbiology

  • Development of microscopes
  • Bacterial staining procedures
  • Techniques that enabled microorganisms to be cultured in the laboratory
  • Steps that could be taken to prove that specific microorganisms were responsible for specific infectious disease
• Girolamo Fracastoro

  1546

  • Italian physician
  • Proposed that invisible organisms may be involved in disease
  • Proposed that epidemic diseases are caused by transferable tiny particles or "spores”
• Robert Hooke

  1660

  • An Englishman who explored various matter with a compound microscope
  • Discovered the smallest structural units were little boxes “cells”
• Francesco Redi

  1668

  • An Italian Naturalist
  • Demonstrated that animals do not arise spontaneously from dead organic matter
• Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

  1676

  • A Dutch linen merchant
  • The first to describe bacteria and protozoa using a small, simple microscope and then was known as the “Father of Microbiology”
  • “ANIMALCULES"
• John Needham

  1745

  • An English biologist and Roman Catholic priest
  • He demonstrated experiments to show spontaneous generation
• Lazzaro Spallanzani

  1770

  • An Italian Catholic priest, biologist and physiologist 
  • Demonstrated that heated broth, in the absence of air, do not support spontaneous generation
  • Challenged the claim of John Needham 
• Edward Jenner

  1796

  • An English surgeon who introduced the first vaccine – against smallpox
  • IMMUNIZATION
  • He explained the effectivity of using cowpox vaccine as an immunization for smallpox in humans.
  • "vacca" cow = vaccine
• Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis

  1847-1850

  • father of HANDWASHING
  • introduce ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE
  • A Hungarian physician who substantiated his theory that childbed fever is a contagious disease transmitted to women by their physicians during childbirth.
  • He postulated the theory of washing with chlorinated lime solutions. 
• John Snow

  1853-1854

  • A London physician who demonstrated the epidemic spread of cholera through a water supply contaminated with human sewage
• Rudolf Virchow

  1858

  • German doctor, anthropologist, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist and politician
  • Challenged abiogenesis with the theory of biogenesis as summarized by his famous statement: “omnis cellula e cellula”
• Louis Pasteur was a French bacteriologist who studied bacterial contamination of wine
• Louis Pasteur stated that specific microbes produce a specific fermentation product
• Pasteur developed techniques for the selective destruction of microorganisms, known as pasteurization
• In 1861, Pasteur disproved the theory of spontaneous generation through definitive experiments
• Pasteur introduced the terms "aerobes" and "anaerobes" to describe different types of microbes
• In 1868, Pasteur identified infectious agents that caused silkworm diseases, impacting the silk industry in France
• Pasteur made significant contributions to the Germ Theory of Disease in 1881
• In 1885, Pasteur developed vaccines for anthrax in animals
• In 1885, Pasteur also developed a special vaccine for rabies
• Joseph Lister

  1867

  • An English surgeon who published his first work about antiseptic surgery
  • Applied phenol (carbolic acid) to kill bacteria
• John Tyndall

  1876-1877

  • A prominent 19th century physicist who demonstrated that open tubes of broth remained free of bacteria if air was free of dust. 

  Developed tyndallization (fractional sterilization) to destroy spores.
• Robert Koch

  1876-1877

  • Observed anthrax in cattle and identified Bacillus anthracis as its causative agent.
  • 1881
  • Introduced the use of pure culture techniques for handling bacteria in the laboratory.
  • Developed solid culture media (agar) as suggested by Fannie Hesse
  • 1882

  Discovered the pathogen for TB

  1887

  His laboratory assistant Julius Richard Petri invented a round, shallow dish with a flat bottom and vertical sides to hold agar or gelatin growth media (PETRI DISH)

  1884

  Developed postulates in proving the cause of infectious disease
• Koch’s Postulates:

  • The causative agent must be present in every case of the disease and must not be present in healthy animals.
  • The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host animal and must be grown in pure culture.
  • The same disease must be produced when microbes from the pure culture are inoculated into healthy susceptible animals.
  • The same pathogen must be recoverable once again from this artificially infected host animal, and it must be able to be grown again in pure culture. 
• Hans Christian Gram

  1884

  • A Danish physician who devised the gram staining technique for differentiating bacteria
  • G+ (purple - thick peptidoglycan)
  • G- (red - thin)
• Dmitri Ivanovsky

  1892

  A Russian biologist who was the first to discover viruses (tobacco-mosaic virus) and showed that it can be transmitted in a cell-free infiltrate.
• Giovanni Battista Grassi

  1898

  • An Italian zoologist known for his work demonstrating that mosquitos carry the malaria parasite Plasmodium in their digestive tract. |
  • Plasmodium falciparum
  • P. vivax,
  • P. malariae
  • P. ovale.
  • Plasmodium knowlesi (new) "zoonotic"
• Florence Nightingale

  19th Century

  • An English nurse who developed modern nursing techniques and procedures for organizing hospitals to reduce the spread of diseases
• Fritz Richard Schaudinn &

  Erich Hoffmann

  1905

  A German zoologist and a German dermatologist, respectively, who coined that Syphilis is shown to be caused by Treponema pallidum
• Paul Ehrlich and his colleague, Ludwig von Hoffman, discovered the first effective drug for treating syphilis

  1908

  • A German scientist who formulated the humoral theory of resistance
  • Developed new staining techniques

  Developed the very first chemotherapeutic agent to combat syphilis (Salvarsan)
• Francis Rous

  1910

  • An American pathologist who discovered viruses that could induce cancer
• Sir Alexander Fleming

  1929

  A Scottish bacteriologist who discovered and described the properties of the first antibiotic (PENICILLIN)

  Betalacta ring - responsible in destroying cell wall of bacteria (betalactamase = baterial resistance enzyme)
• Ernst August Friedrich Ruska & 

  Bodo von Borries

  1933-1938

  • A German physicist and a German electrical engineer, respectively, who developed the first electron microscope
• Jonas Salk

  1954

  • An American medical researcher and virologist who developed the first Polio Vaccine
• Maurice Ralph Hilleman

  1982

  • An American microbiologist who developed the first version of the Hepatitis B vaccine from virus isolated from fresh human blood
• Luc Antoine Montagnier & 

  Robert Charles Gallo

  1983

  • A French virologist and an American biomedical researcher, respectively, known for the isolation and characterization of HIV
  • HIV 1 - dominant and more contagious
  • HIV 2 - W. Africa