Quiz 3 Study Guide

• Behaviorism


  What human and animals do and what causes them to do it
• Stimulus-Response Psychology


  Behavior is the response/what and stimulus is the reason/why
• Unconditioned Response (UR)


  Dog salivating over seeing food (Unconditioned Stimulus), pre-programmed behavior
• Conditioned Response


  Response brought upon by training
• Classical Conditioning (Pavlov Affect)


  Associate a reward with an action to create a conditioned response

  • The dog hears the bell and salivates because they associate it with food
• Stimulus Generalization


  Similar experiences to the one trained with elicits a similar response

  • If you're allergic to bees you might see a fly and think that it's a bee
• Blocking Effect


  The previous association is so strong that you won't be fooled by a new one

  • Dogs only move when there exact release word is given
• Operant Conditioning


  Process by cause and effect, trial and error
• Visceral Responses


  sweating, goosebumps, heartrate
• Skeletal Responses


  startle, reflexes
• Punishment 


  Affective if done in the moment, the association needs to be made so they understand the reason
• Negative Reinforcement


  Do something so the bad thing won't happen
• Positive Reinforcement


  Do something so a good thing wil continue to happen
• Shaping


  Rewarded when you do something similar to the desired behavior

  • Potty Training
• Chaining


  Reinforcing actions with the possibility to engage in the next one

  • If you do this much now, next time you'll get to do more
• Conditioned Taste Aversion


  Dislike a food because you associate it with an illness
• Social-Learning Approach


  Learning by observing those around you

  • Monkey see, monkey do
• Vicarious Reinforcement


  If you watch someone get in trouble then you don't do what got them in trouble

  • Learning by watching the actions of others
• Declarative Memories


  developed at once, easily stated

  • Name, Address
• Procedural Memories


  developed gradually, actions

  • Learning to walk
• Free Recall


  Recall info without assistance
• Cued Recall


  Recall info with hints
• Implicit Memory


  No emotional significance, not regarded as memories

  • Songs, Facts
• Explicit Memories


  Memories that are specific to you, have an emotional attachment

  • Life events
• Chunking


  Splitting things into groups so they can be more easily remembered
• Short-Term Memory


  30 seconds, doesn't have lasting impact

  • Can become long-term if you interact with it
• Long-term Memory 


  More than 30 seconds, events, hold significance or importance
• Primary Effect


  Remember the first thing said
• Recency Effect


  Remember the last thing said
• Anterograde Amnesia

  Inability to store long-term memories

  • Memories can't change from short-term to long-term
• Retrograde Amnesia


  Can't remember what happened before the incident
• Availability Heuristic


  Associate similar things without full evidence

  • If it's true now then it's true forever
• Choice Blindness


  Choices are influenced by what we're exposed to
• Change Blindness


  Don't notice continuity errors
• Spreading Activation


  Word association, racing thoughts
• Pre-Attentive Process


  what you notice immediately, what stands out
• Kahneman's Type 1


  quick, automatic processes

  • familiar faces, routines
• Kahneman's Type 2


  anything that requires attention

  • mathematics calculations, evaluating evidence
  • relies on working memory
• Attentive Process


  requires searching through items in a series

  • look closely
• Representativeness Heuristic


  stereotyping

  • if it looks like a duck and quacks like a duck