Save
Module 3 - Exchange and Transport
Save
Share
Learn
Content
Leaderboard
Learn
Created by
lily
Visit profile
Cards (108)
Alveoli
:
Tiny
air sacs
that serve as the
primary gaseous exchange surface
Consist of a
thin epithelial cell layer
,
collagen
and
elastic fibres
Breathing rate
:
The number of breaths per minute
Bronchi
:
Divisions
of the
trachea
that lead into the
lungs
Small
tubes supported by
incomplete
rings of
cartilage
Bronchioles
:
Many
small divisions
of the bronchi
Contain
smooth muscle
to
restrict airflow
to the lungs but do not have
cartilage
Lined with a
thin layer
of
ciliated epithelial cells
Cartilage
:
Strong, flexible connective tissue that supports the walls of the
trachea
and
bronchi
, preventing collapse
Found in an
incomplete ring
shape
Ciliated epithelial cells:
Specialised
cells with tiny
hair-like
cilia found lining the
trachea
Waft
bacteria-containing mucus up to the back of the
throat
, where it is
swallowed
Countercurrent
flow:
An adaptation for
gaseous exchange
in bony fish
Blood
in the
gill filaments
and
water
moving over the
gills
flow in
opposite directions
, maintaining a
steep oxygen concentration gradient
Elastic fibres:
Fibres of
elastin
that allow the
alveoli
to
stretch
as air is drawn in and
recoil
back to normal size
Found in the
trachea
,
bronchi
and
bronchioles
Exchange surface:
A surface over which
materials
are
exchanged
from one
region
to
another
An effective exchange surface has a
large
surface area,
thin
layers, a good
blood supply
, and
ventilation
to maintain a
steep diffusion gradient
Expiration:
During expiration (
exhalation
), the
diaphragm
relaxes and
reverts
to a
dome
The
external intercostal
muscles
relax
, moving the
ribs down
and
in
Air
moves out of the
trachea
Gill filaments
:
The main site of
gaseous exchange
in fish, over which
water
flows
Found in large stacks, known as
gill plates
, and have
gill lamellae
which provide a
large surface area
for exchange
Gill lamellae
:
The
fine branches
of the
gill filaments
Adapted for
gaseous exchange
by having a
large surface area
and
good blood supply
Gill plates:
Large stacks
of
gill filaments
Gills
:
The
organs
of
gaseous exchange
in
fish
Contained in a
gill cavity
and made up of
gill lamellae
,
gill filaments
and
gill plates
Goblet cells:
Specialised cells
that
secrete mucus
onto the
trachea lining
Mucus traps harmful substances
and
microorganisms
, preventing their
entry
into the
lungs
Inspiration:
During
inspiration
(
inhalation
), the
diaphragm
contracts and
flattens
The
external intercostal muscles
contract, moving the
ribs
up and out
Air moves into the
trachea
Internal intercostal muscles:
Muscles found between the
ribs
responsible for forced
exhalation
Mammalian gaseous exchange system:
A
complex
system found in
mammals
for the
exchange
of
oxygen
and
carbon dioxide gases
Operculum
:
A
flap
that covers the
gills
of
bony fish
Protects
the
gills
and helps maintain a
constant stream
of
water
over them
Smooth muscle:
Involuntary
muscle found in the walls of the
trachea
and
bronchi
Constricts
the lumen of the bronchi by
contracting
,
reducing
airflow to the lungs
Spiracles:
Small
,
external
openings along the
thorax
and
abdomen
of most insects
Air enters
and
leaves
the
gaseous exchange system
through
spiracles
Spiracle sphincters open
and
close
to
control gas exchange
Spirometer
:
A device used to examine
breathing patterns
and determine
lung volume aspects
Surface area to volume ratio:
The
surface area
of an object divided by its
volume
The
larger
the surface area to volume ratio, the
smaller
the object
Tidal volume
:
The volume of air that moves
into
and
out
of the
lungs
during a
normal breath
Trachea
(mammals):
The
primary
airway carrying air from the
nasal
cavity down into the
chest
A tube supported by
incomplete
rings of
cartilage
Tracheae
(insects):
Large tubes running from the
spiracles
into and along an
insect’s body
Supported by spirals of
chitin
and divide further into smaller
tracheoles
Tracheal fluid:
Found at the
ends
of the
tracheoles
Amount of
fluid
affects the
surface area
available for
gaseous exchange
and
water loss
Tracheoles:
Divisions of the
tracheae
running throughout the
tissues
of an
insect
Main site of
gas exchange
and completely
permeable
to
gases
Ventilation
:
Movement
of
fresh air
into the
lungs
and
stale air
out via
inspiration
and
expiration
Affinity
:
The
tendency
of one
substance
to
bind
with another
substance
Vital capacity
:
The
largest volume
of
air
that can be
breathed
in following the
strongest
possible
exhalation
Aorta:
The
artery
carrying
oxygenated
blood
away
from the
heart
to the
body
Arteriole:
Blood vessel connecting
arteries
and
capillaries
Walls contain
large amounts
of smooth muscle, some
elastic fibres
, and some
collagen
Artery
:
Blood vessel
carrying blood away from the heart to the tissues under high pressure
Walls contain
collagen
,
smooth muscle
, and
elastic fibres
Atrial fibrillation
:
An arrhythmia involving rapid contraction of the atria, preventing complete ventricular filling
Atrial systole
:
The stage of the
cardiac cycle
where the
atria contract
, pushing blood into the
ventricles
AV valves
are pushed
open fully
and the
atria
are
emptied
of
blood
Atrioventricular node
(
AVN
):
Group of cells located between the
atria
that slow down the wave of
excitation
and pass it between the
ventricles
, along the
bundle of His
Atrioventricular
(AV) valves:
Valves found between the
atria
and
ventricles
Prevent the
backflow
of blood from the
ventricles
into the
atria
Two types:
bicuspid
and
tricuspid
Bicuspid valves:
Atrioventricular
valves found between the
left
atrium and
left
ventricle
Blood
:
Transport
medium in the mammalian circulatory system
Consists of
plasma
,
red
blood cells,
white
blood cells, and
platelets
See all 108 cards