Exam 2

• Multiple Sclerosis is an inflammatory, demyelination condition of the CNS.
• Myelin is the protective sheath that insulates an axon to promote rapid transmission of nerve impulses.
• Relapsing-Remitting refers to the fluctuating course of relapses with associated neurological deficits, followed by periods of partial or total recovery after relapse.
• Secondary Progressive refers to the cessation of fluctuations with slow deterioration and progression.
• Primary Progressive refers to deterioration from beginning.
• Optic Neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve.
• Nystagmus is a vision condition in which the eyes make repetitive, uncontrolled movements.
• Dysphasia is difficulty swallowing.
• Dysarthria is the difficult or unclear articulation of speech.
• Dysphonia is difficulty in speaking due to a physical disorder of the mouth, tongue, throat, or vocal cords.
• Neurodegenerative refers to the nerve cells in the brain or peripheral nervous system losing function over time and ultimately dying.
• Neuromuscular refers to the nervous system and muscles working together to permit movement.
• Parkinson’s Disease affects the dopamine-producing neurons in the midbrain (called the Substantia Nigra).
• Huntington’s Disease is when neurons in the basal ganglia degenerate.
• Alzheimer’s Disease is a disease beginning with mild memory loss, and leading to the loss of the ability to carry on a conversation and respond to the environment.
• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is the gradual degeneration of motor neurons.
• Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction.
• Akinesia is the inability to perform a clinically perceivable movement.
• A tremor is an involuntary quivering movement.
• Rigidity is the stiffness or inflexibility of muscles.
• Postural disturbance is the inability to maintain equilibrium under dynamic or static conditions (such as preparation of movement, perturbations, and quiet stance).
• The basal ganglia controls voluntary movements.
• Hypophonia is soft speech resulting from lack of coordination in vocal musculature.
• Micrograph is is abnormally small, cramped handwriting.
• Dopamine controls memory, mood, sleep, learning, concentration, movement, and other body functions.
• Bradykinesia is slowness of movement or speed as movements are continued. (also progressive hesitations/halts)
• Deep brain stimulation is a surgical procedure that implants a neurostimulator and electrodes to send electrical impulses to specified targets in the brain responsible for movement control.
• Psychotropic medication is a group of drugs that doctors they prescribed to treat a variety of conditions.
• Dementia is the impaired ability to remember, think, or make decisions that interfere with doing every day activities.
• Lewy body dementia is a disease associated with abnormal deposits of a protein called alpha-sinuclein in the brain.
• Vascular Dementia is the changes to memory, thinking, and behavior resulting from conditions that affect the blood vessels in the brain.
• Fronto-temporal dementia is the result of damage to neurons in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain.
• Early onset dementia is an uncommon form of dementia that affects people younger than age 65.
• An auto immune condition is a disease in which the body’s immune system attacks, its own healthy cells.
• Diplopia refers to double vision.
• Ptosis refers to dripping of the upper eyelid.
• Poliomyelitis is a disabling in life-threatening disease caused by the polio virus.
• Gullain-Barré Syndrome is a condition in which the immune system attacks. The nerves.
• Lyme disease is the most common vector borne disease in the United States. (it is caused by the bacterium, Borrelia burgdorfor)
• Bell’s palsy is an unexplained episode of facial muscle weakness or paralysis.