Biochemistry

• cAMP


  used in hormone interactions

  
• NAD+ and FAD


  Used to produce ATP.

  
• ATP

  -primary energy currency of cell

  -generated during glucose catabolism

  -energy stored in high-energy phosphate bonds

  
• Nucleotides

  Important in cell energy transformations
• complementary base pairing


  In DNA, T pairs with A; G pairs with C;

  RNA, U pairs with A and G pairs with C

  
• Antiparallel

  The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.

  
• Antiparallel

  One DNA strand terminates with a 5' carbon end and 3' carbon end. One strand is said to run 5' to 3'; the opposite DNA strand runs antiparallel, or 3' to 5'.

  
  

  RNA remains single, DNA becomes a double strand.

  
• phosphodiester bond


  Nucleotides attached by this bond.

  
• Purines

  Two-Ringed

  
• Pyrimidines


  Single ringed

  
• Nucletotides are made of?

  Pentose sugar (ribose - RNA and deoxyribose - DNA)

  
  

  Phosphate group

  
  

  Nitrogenous base (AGCT for DNA and AGCU for RNA).

  
• RNA

  Involved in protein synthesis and hereditary information for some viruses, remaining single-stranded.
• DNA


  Stores hereditary information and is composed of two strands held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nitrogenous bases.
• Nucleic Acids

  Serve as assembly instructions for all proteins in living organisms, consisting of DNA and RNA.

  
  

  It's also the polymers of nucleotides.
• Peptide Bonds


  Bonds formed by a condensation/dehydration reaction between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of the adjacent amino acid.

  
• The 8 Essential Amino Acids

  Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Threonine and Lysine
• Amino Acids

  The building blocks of proteins, consisting of a central carbon atom with an attached amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, and a variable side chain.
• Quarternary Protein Structure

  Formed when two or more polypeptide subunits come together to form a functional protein.

  The same bonds and forces that hold the tertiary structure together can stabilize the quaternary structure.

  
• Disulfide Bridge


  When two cysteine residues are close together, their sulfur atoms can form a covalent bond.

  
• Tertiary Protein Structure

  Structure formed due to bonding interactions among the amino acid R groups.

  Amino acids with polar R groups are attracted to water, while those with nonpolar R groups are excluded (therefore, they tend to congregate to the interior of the folded polypeptide).

  
  

  It's stabilized by interactions of R groups:

  
  

  Hydrogen bonds between certain polar side chains Ionic bonds between oppositely charged side chains, and Van der Waals forces between non-polar R groups

  
  

  The amino acid proline forms a natural kink wherever it occurs

  
• Beta Pleated Sheet


  forms when two parts of the polypeptide chain lie parallel to one another and H bonds form between the two strands.

  
• Alpha Helix


  Coils and folds in a polypeptide caused by hydrogen bonds between the oxygen (carboxyl group) of one peptide bond and hydrogen (amino group) found four peptide bonds away

  
• Secondary Protein Structure

  Regions where the polypeptide is folded into localized shapes.

  
  

  It has two types: alpha helix and beta-pleated sheet.

  
• Primary Protein Structure


  Unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

  
  

  Determined by the nucleotide sequence in a gene in DNA

  
• Proteins


  Used as a structural building block and functional molecules in cells, formed by a specific sequence of amino acids.
• Waxes


  Long-chain fatty acids linked to alcohols or carbon rings, forming hydrophobic, soft solids used.

  Form waterproof coating on various animals and plants.

  
• Steroids

  Hydrophobic molecules containing 4 fused hydrocarbon rings with different functional groups attached.

  
• Phospholipids


  Major component of cell membranes, composed of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group.

  
  

  The highly polar phosphate group forms the polar head (hydrophilic) and fatty acids from long nonpolar tails (hydrophobic).

  
• Unsaturated Fats

  Contain Unsaturated fatty acids.
• Saturated Fats

  Contain Saturated fatty acids.

  
  

  Tend to be solid at room temp.
• Adipose

  Layer of fatty tissue under skin as insulation in mammals and birds.
• What process occurs to form fats? What's the resulting bond?

  Esterification, Ester Linkage
• How are fats formed?

  Formed by a condensation reaction between the hydroxyl group of the glycerol and the carboxyl group on the fatty acid
• Trigylceride


  Most common fat.

  
  

  Composed of three fatty acid chains linked to a glycerol molecule
• Fats

  Lipids made of fatty acid and glycerol molecules, functioning as stored energy and insulation.

  
  

  Functions as stored energy - double the energy of carbohydrates.

  
• Unsaturated Fatty Acids


  Fatty acids with one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.
• Saturated Fatty Acids


  Fatty acids with only single bonds between carbon atoms.
• Fatty Acids


  The structural backbone of most lipids, consisting of a hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end.

  
  

  As its length increases, its solubility decreases.

  
• Lipids


  hydrophobic molecules composed of hydrogen, carbon, and lesser amounts of oxygen, used to store energy, build membranes, and other cell parts as chemical signaling molecules.
• Chitin


  Hard exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans and the cell walls of many fungi.

  
  

  2nd most abundant organic material in nature.

  
  

  Cellulose-like polymer of N-acetylglucosamine (monomer is glucose is with a nitrogen-containing group on the second carbon)