introduction to biochemistry

• The three major classes of biological macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
• Triglycerides are made of 3 fatty acids and a glycerol
• In order to make energy you need to use carbonhydrates first then lipids then proteins

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  
• Carbohydrates can be classified as monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides (double sugar) or polysaccharides (complex sugars)
• In glycogenesis first glycogen converts to pyruvate then it converts to 2 different Pathways depending on state of energy needs

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  
• Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid then converted to Acetyl CoA or lactic acid depending on energy status of the body with the production of ATP
• If the body needs to energy; Pyruvate converts to Acetyl CoA by using Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex enzyme then goes through krebs cycle (Citric Acid cycle)

  
  

  If the body doesn't need to energy;

  pyruvate converts into lactic acid by using Lactate dehydrogenase enzyme

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  
• In diabetic patients insulin deficiency affects glucose intake from blood So energy cannot produced by carbohydrates so it Evolves to lipid breakdown by breaking down of Fatty acids to Acetyl CoA which goes through krebs cycle to produce energy(ATP) and H2O(metabolic water)
• Beta oxidation of lipid is fatty acid convertion to Acetyl CoA If a patient is diabetic,excess use of lipids by beta oxidation can lead to excess keto body formation

  
  

  (keto body formation was made by Acetyl CoA from fatty acid)

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  
• More keto body formation→Blood pH level decreases→Blood gets more acidic→Acidosis occur If the patient has diabetes it is called Diabetic Ketoacidosis(DKA)
• keto body formation was made by

  Acetyl CoA from fatty acid
• Biomolecules in our body include: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins, minerals, and hormones
• Vitamins and minerals are obtained from outside sources, while hormones are synthesized internally
• Energy needs are met through processes like beta-oxidation, citric acid cycle, and glycolysis in different organs like the heart, brain, liver, and adipose tissue
• Glacial erosion involves abrasion and plucking, with abrasion causing a sandpapering effect and plucking breaking off rock from the bedrock or sides
• Blood carries nutrients and molecules to necessary organs, with different metabolic pathways providing energy to tissues like the heart, brain, and muscles
• Macromolecules in the body include carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, with carbohydrates breaking down into monosaccharides like glucose
• Proteins break down into urea, carbohydrates into CO2, H2O, and energy, and lipids into fatty acids
• Glucose metabolism involves glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and pathways like glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis
• Insulin deficiency leads to the use of fatty acids for energy, resulting in diabetic ketoacidosis and a decrease in blood pH
• Metabolic control of glucose involves pathways like glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis to regulate blood glucose levels
• Detoxification occurs through the formation of glucuronides, making substances more soluble in water for excretion
• Liver plays a role in clearing muscle waste through gluconeogenesis and the Cori Cycle, converting lactate to glycogen
• Lactate levels are monitored in intensive care to assess glycolysis, with high levels leading to acidosis and the need for intensive care
• Pulse oximetry measures oxygen saturation, with levels below 95 indicating reliance on glycolysis, leading to increased lactate and decreased blood pH
• In energy from carbonhydrates using krebs Glucose →Glucose-6-phosphate[using hexokinase and glicokinase]→pyruvic acid→Acetyl CoA→Krebs cycle→electrone transporter chain →ATP and H2O

  Not using krebs

  Glucose →Glucose-6-phosphate[using hexokinase and glicokinase]→pyruvic acid→Lactic acid

  
• krebs cycle is the process of breaking down Acetyl CoA to release energy and carbon dioxide