Minority Civil Rights

• Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986


  Act that prohibits discrimination against job applicants on the basis of national origin or citizenship; establishes penalties for hiring illegal immigrants and requires employers to establish each employee's identity and eligibility to work.
• Who was the first Hispanic mayor of Miami?

  Maurice A. Ferre - 1973
• When was the voting rights act extended for bilingual ballots?

  During Ford's Presidency
• Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965


  Law that changed the national quota system of limits for Eastern and Western immigrants per year signed by president Johnson
• When did mainly Mexican students protest their schooling conditions?

  1968 - 10,000 students walked out protesting their quality of education, some students were arrested which led to protests outside school board offices and local police stations
• When did AWOC and NFWA merge?

  1966
• What was the AWOC?

  Agricultural Workers Organising Committee - partook in the Delano Grape Strike
• what was the NFWA what was its purpose

  National Farm Workers Association created in the 1950's, to end the bracero program and partook in the Delano Grape Strike
• What was the treatment of Hispanics and Mexicans during the 1940s

  Resentment towards them grew from American born workers as they believed Mexicans were stealing their jobs. They faced discrimination and forced to live Spanish speaking areas (poverty stricken - barrios)
• Delano Grape Strike


  Workers stopped picking grapes, encouraged people around the country to boycott table grapes. 1965-1970. Gave farm workers union recognition
• How many Hispanics and US citizens were deported between 1953-58?

  3.8 million
• Operation Wetback


  Program which apprehended and returned some one million illegal immigrants to Mexico in 1954 because illegal immigrants were being blamed for low wages
• Sylvia Mendez

  a girl living in California who was not allowed in a school because she was Mexican. her father and her family sued 4 school districts and were after allowed to go to the school in 1947
• Zoot Suit Riots

  A series of riots in L.A. California during WW2, soldiers stationed in the city and Mexican youths because of the zoot suits they wore.
• How many Mexican-Americans served in World War II?

  500000
• What was the Barcero Program?

  August 1942 - The US and Mexico sign the Mexican Farm Labour Agreement called the Bracero Program . Biggest guest worker program created to avoid labour shortages during the war that would last until 1964. Allowed manual workers from Mexico to work in the United States temporarily in jobs, they were provided minimum wage and insurance
• How many Puerto Ricans were drafted during WW1?

  20000
• What was the Jones Shafroth Act?

  Wilson signed it - it granted US citizenship to Puerto Ricans, it allowed them to join the US army during World War 1
• Indian Self-Determination Act


  In 1975, this act gave American Indian reservations and tribal lands greater control over internal programs, education, and law enforcement. Stripped the BIA of its power.
• Indian Finance Act

  Passed in 1974 make funds available to tribes for improvement
• Did Native American rights improve under Ford and Carter?

  Ford continued efforts to progress Native American civil rights, Indian Finance Act 1974, The extension of the civil rights to Native Americans in 1975, the Indian Self determination act 1975, unemployment rates for Native American were almost 40%, living conditions remained grim and natives were at the highest risk of diseases, alcoholism and suicide
• Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (1971)


  Gave more than 40 million acres to native peoples and paid out more than $960 million in cash
• Did President Nixon help progress Native Rights?

  Sympathetic towards the movements, in 1970 he returned land at Blue lake to the Taos Pueblo Tribe, he didn't reform the BIA and the US states continued to evict Indians from their land if the state wanted to build on it
• AIM protest 1978

  Undertook the longest walk from San Francisco to Washington to protest against the forced removal of Native Americans from their homelands
• AIM protest 1972

  Undertook the Trail of broken Treaties, a protest march against the BIA
• Alcatraz Red Power Movement

  Indians occupied the former prison claiming it as tribal land, protest lasted between 1970-1971 when in 1971 police forcefully evicted protestors
• What did AIM do?

  protested racism and civil rights violations against Native Americans and held US states responsible for treaties it has broken, they conducted some of the highest profile protests and acts of civil disobedience in American Indian history
• What was the original purpose of AIM?

  An urban focused movement formed due to police brutality and racial profiling
• What was the American Indian movement?

  Native American civil-rights activist organization, founded in 1968 to encourage self-determination among Native Americans and to establish international recognition of their treaty rights. Grew rapidly in the 1970s and became the driving force behind the Indigenous civil rights movement.
• AIM


  American Indian Movement founded in 1968
• Indian Tribes in America

  They held an unusual position with the USA, they are regarded as independent nations who ran their own affairs in their reservations only under the control of the BIA
• What did the Bureau of Indian Affairs do?

  Accused by the tribes of acting heavily handedly to attack their tribal culture and tribal cohesion - tribes wanted respect for their tribal organisation, freedom to run their own affairs and a change of BIA personnel
• BIA


  Bureau of Indian Affairs
• Indian Removal Act of 1830 (or trail of Tears)


  Ordered the removal of Indian Tribes, those resisting eviction were forcibly removed by American forces.