Child Psych exam 1

• child psychopathology is 


  the study of abnormal behavior or psychopathology in early development
• developmental psychopathology is


  theoretical framework that blends multiple psychologies
• developmental psychopathology focuses on how and when behavior becomes atypical
• why study child pysch

  • high prevelance
  • high cost
  • early roots
• What are the two leading classification manuals?

  • DSM-5-TR
  • ICD-11
• What are the two leading alternative classification systems?

  • RDoC
  • HiTOP
• Define prototypal


  how much does a case resemble an exemplar
• Define dimensional

  how much (degree, magnitude) of a trait is

  present
• Define categorical

  present/absent; into which category does this

  fit
• Disorders that co-occur are called _______ while

  disorders that might both explain someone’s symptoms

  (when only one diagnosis is appropriate) are called

  ________

  Comorbid/ Differential Diagnose
• What are the 5 characteristics we use to evaluate classification systems?

  • Generality
  • Practicality
  • Objectivity
  • Reliability
  • Validity
• Explain the difference between reliability & validity

  reliability is based on agreement whereas validity focuses on correctness
• what are the 5 broad approaches to defining abnormal behavior?

  • Statistical – that which is uncommon is abnormal
  • Deviance – that which is unusual is abnormal
  • Distress – that which is unpleasant is abnormal
  • Dysfunction – that which violates expected rhythms is abnormal
  • Danger – that which is a threat is abnormal
• Why is it important to classify mental illness

  Communication, research, treatment/insurance
• What are the definitions of the 5 broad approaches to defining

  abnormal behavior

  • Statistical – that which is uncommon is abnormal
  • Deviance – that which is unusual is abnormal
  • Distress – that which is unpleasant is abnormal
  • Dysfunction – that which violates expected rhythms is abnormal
  • Danger – that which is a threat is abnormal
• What is the DSM-5-TR definition of mental disorder?

  • Syndrome of behavior, cognition, or emotion regulation
  • Clinically Significant
  • Results from a dysfunction in mental process(es)
• explain the clinical significance criterion

  • Significant distress, danger, or impairment in daily functioning
  • Being unable to go to work, intense discomfort, behavior which threatens your wellbeing
• Developmental psychopathology is a theoretical

  approach to studying mental illness across the lifespan,

  particularly in childhood and adolescence. What are the

  core questions of this approach?

  • What is “typical” development?
  • Why do some people develop “typically” (along a “typical” course) while others do not?
  • How do intrapersonal factors interact with context & culture to influence development?
• Developmental psychopathology is, broadly, a

  biopsychosocial approach to explaining atypical behavior.

  Two competing approaches are the ________ model and

  the _______ approach.

  • Biological/medical model
  • Psychodynamic approach
• Developmental psychopathology is, broadly, a biopsychosocial approach to explaining atypical behavior. What do these models say causes atypical behavior?

  • Biological/medical model (paradigm) – discrete physical causes lead to atypical behavior
  • Psychodynamic approach (paradigm) – unconscious mental conflicts lead to atypical behavior
• When did developmental psychopathology as a framework emerge?

  1980s
• When developmental psychopathology as a framework emerged, To what approach was it a reaction?

  Medical/biological model
• Processes, traits, and behaviors which persist over time are referred to as being “continuous.” What two forms of continuity does developmental psychopathology emphasize?

  • Homotypic continuity
  • Heterotypic continuity
• what is homotypic continuity?

  behaviors appear relatively constant over time
• what is heterotypic continutiy

  the same underlying process gives rise to behaviors which appear different over time
• What are the 7 core principles of the developmental psychopathology framework?

  • Typical & atypical development are mutually informative
  • Development is defined by continuities and discontinuities
  • Multiple levels of analysis are necessary
  • Psychobiology is inseparable from context/environment
  • Development includes reciprocity & transaction
  • Risk and protective factors are key in shaping development
  • There are multiple pathways to/from events & disorders (multifinality & equifinality)
• examples of atypical and typical

  • emotional regulation in preschool
  • differences in eye contact
• examples of continuities and discontinuities

  • homotypic vs heterotypic
  • gradual increase or mastery of skills
  • juntures in key developmental periods ( preschool, early adolescence, and 18-22)
• examples of multiple levels of analysis

  • biological
  • individual/ intrapersonal
  • social/ interpersonal
  • cultural
• examples of psychobiology and context

  • brain and biology
  • context changes brain and biology
• examples of reciprocity and transaction

  • individuals and traits influence other individuals and their traits
• examples equifinality and multifinality

  equifinality: multilple events lead to one outcome

  multifinality: one event leads to multiple outcomes
• Behavior genetics and molecular genetics are both approaches to studying the role of genes in mental health conditions. What are the primary questions of each approach?

  • Behavior genetics – how much of the variability in this trait is due to genetic factors?
  • Molecular genetics – how much of the variability in this trait is due to a specific gene variant?
• what are the primary methods used to address behavior genetics?

  • Family pedigree studies
  • Twin studies
  • Adoption studies
• What are the primary methods used to address molecular genetics?

  • Linkage studies
  • Candidate gene studies
  • GWAS
• When something is caused/shaped by multiple genetic variants, that trait is called ______. When something is shaped by a single genetic variant, that trait is called _______.

  Polygenic/ Monogenic
• What is the difference between gene-environment interaction and an epigenetic effect?

  • Gene-environment interaction – a gene/genetic risk is

  only relevant in some environments

  • Epigenetic effect – environments change gene

  expression
• What is an example of gene-environment interaction?

  • 5HTTLPR
  • maltreatment
• what is an example of an epigenetic effect?

  Low licking as a pup changes a rat’s genes for stress/reactivity
• Genes for a condition and environments which promote that condition tend to “go along” with one another. This is called gene-environment correlation. What are the 3 types of gene-environment correlations

  • Passive – genes create environment
  • Active – genes lead to seeking out the environment
  • Evocative – genes evoke a response/change from the environment