1° and 2° alcohols are identified using acidifiedpotassiumdichromate, turning from orange to green if present
3° alcohols are not oxidised, and the potassiumdichromate remains orange
Aldehydes:
Tollen’s reagent forms a silvermirror when added to the solution with an aldehyde present
Fehling's solution forms a brickredprecipitate when heated if an aldehyde is present
Alkenes:
Bromine water changes from orange-brown to colorless in the presence of a carbon-carbondouble bond
Carboxylic Acid - React with sodiumcarbonate to produce CO2, turning limewater cloudy if CO2 is present
Mass Spectrometry:
Used to identify compounds and determine their molecular formula
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry allows determination of Mr to several decimal places, precise atomic masses are given to calculate the molecular formula
Infrared Spectroscopy:
Uses infrared radiation to determine functional groups in organic compounds
Different bonds absorb radiation in varying amounts, allowing identification of functional groups
Characteristic peaks for different functional groups:
-OH Alcohol Group: 3230 - 3550 cm^-1
-OH Acid Group: 2500 - 3000 cm^-1
C=C Unsaturated Group: 1620 - 1680 cm^-1
C=O Carbonyl Group: 1680 - 1750 cm^-1
Fingerprint Region:
Contains tinydifferences acting as a molecule's 'fingerprint' for identification
Infrared absorption in the atmosphere, like with ozone, traps heat causing global warming
Human activity releasingchemicals like CFCs enhances the heating effect, leading to global warming