history

• Thomas Harnots

  • English astronomer, ethographer, mathematician, and translator
  • Theory of refraction is attributed to him
• Analytic Geometry:

  • Born in 1637 of 2 fathers, Rene Descartes and Pierre De Fermat
• Pierre de Fermat:

  • French lawyer who pursued mathematics in his spare time
• Johan De Witt:

  • Dutch statesman and major political figure in the Dutch Republic in the mid-17th century
• John Napier:

  • Invented the first system of logarithms
• Father Marin Mersenne:

  • Discovered the Mersene Primes
• Johannes Kepler:

  • Described construction of the hyperbola and the ellipse via threads tied around pins at the foci
• Johannes Peter Muller:

  • German psychologist, comparative anatomist, and herpetologist
  • Known for his ability to synthesize knowledge
• Nicolaus Copernicus:

  • Formulated a model of the universe with the sun at its center
• Tycho Brahe:

  • Studied the solar system and accurate position of more than 777 fixed stars
• Francis Viète:

  • One of the first "men of talent" who attempted to identify Greek analysis with the new algebra
  • Known for the Analytic art
• Simon Stevin:

  • Major mathematical contribution was the creation of a well-thought-out notation for decimal fractions
• Leon Battista Alberti:

  • First Italian artist to make a serious study of the geometry of perspective
  • Wrote the first text on the subject, the Della Pitura of 1435 Durer and the reaching of Perspective
• Dante Alighieri:

  • Father of Modern Philosophy
• Descartes:

  • Invention of the Superscript Notation for showing powers or exponents
  • Influential work includes La Geometrie and Discours de la methode
• Blaise Pascal:

  • Formulated one of the basic theorems in geometry known as "Pascal's Mystic Hexagon Theorem" described in his "Essail Pour Les Coniques"
• Leonhard Euler:

  • Calculated without apparent effort, compared to eagles sustaining themselves in the air
• The Diophantine Equation:

  • Fermat's Last Theorem
• Rene Descartes:

  • Revolutionized the field with the development of algebraic geometry
  • Influential work includes Discourse on the Method and Meditations on First Philosophy
• Non-Euclidean Geometry:

  • The study of non-flat surfaces
• Euclidean Geometry:

  • Named after Euclid
• Lobachevskian Geometry:

  • Also called hyperbolic geometry
• Albert Einstein:

  • Described gravity as a curvature of spacetime caused by mass and energy rather than as a force
• Ernst Friedrich Ferdinand Zermelo is known for:

  • Zermelo theory
  • Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory
  • Zermelo’s navigation problem
  • Zermelo ordinal
  • Zermelo’s theorem (game theory)
• Axioms of choice:

  • It is any set of mutually disjoint nonempty sets, there exists at least one set that contains exactly one element in common with each of the nonempty sets
• Grace Emily Chisholm Young:

  • Author of the work “The theory of set points” with her husband William
  • First textbook in English on the subject of set theory
• Axioms of Extension:

  • States that two sets are equal if and only if they have the same elements
• Axioms of Separation:

  • Also known as the Axiom of Subset Selection or the Axiom Schema of Separation
  • Another important principle in set theory
• Axioms of empty set:

  • States that there exists a set with no elements, called the empty set (∅)
• Axioms of Pair Set:

  • Allows us to create a set that contains two specific elements
• Axioms of Union:

  • An operation that combines the elements of multiple sets into a single set
• Axioms of Power Set:

  • States that for any set A, there exists a set that contains all possible subsets of A
• Axioms of infinity:

  • Asserts the existence of an infinite set, ensuring that there is at least one set with infinitely many elements
• Axioms of Foundation:

  • Introduces a principle that ensures the absence of certain kinds of “loops” or “cycles” within sets
• Axioms of replacement:

  • Allows us to create a new set B by applying a function or relation F to each element of an existing set A
• Isaac Newton:

  • Lectured on algebra for 10 years at Cambridge until 1683
• William Whiston:

  • Newton’s successor
• Maclaurin:

  • Like Newton, he thought of algebra as “a general method of computation by certain signs and symbols which have been contrived for this purpose and found convenient”
• Maclaurin began his work "A Treatise of Algebra in Three Parts" not only with algorithms for calculation but also with attempts to explain the reasoning behind the algorithms
• Seki Takakazu is often called Seki Kōwa because of different ways of reading the Japanese characters