Lesson 4 science

• Tooth Decay:

  • Pits in the tooth crown develop as a result of the destruction of enamel
  • Decay begins in the dentin layer of teeth when acids leak into the pits creating a cavity
  • Plaques develop as bacteria accumulates in the mouth
  • Eventually, both the enamel and dentin layers wear off
  • Plaques are bacterial films in the teeth, where acids are produced causing the tooth decay
  • Cavities can be prevented by daily brushing, flossing, and using antibacterial mouthwash
  • The use of fluoride prescribed by dentists can also prevent cavities
  • Regular brushing can help reduce plaque buildup
• Gingivitis:

  • This is an early stage of gum disease characterized by gum inflammation
  • Plaques may have substances that cause gum irritation
  • The hardened plaques are called tartar, and these further collect bacteria
  • Having red and swollen gums which bleed upon brushing are signs of gingivitis
  • Gingivitis is marked by red and swollen gums
  • This can be prevented by proper oral hygiene, brushing at least twice a day, flossing, avoiding cigarette smoking, and visiting a dentist regularly
  • Visit your dentists regularly to check for a dental problem
• Constipation:

  • Constipation is marked by irregular defecation or release of feces
  • The feces released is dry making defecation hard and sometimes painful in the lower part of the abdomen
  • It is commonly caused by the large intestine removing too much water from digestive waste making the feces dry
  • Low-fiber diet and lack of exercise may trigger constipation
  • Constipation can easily be prevented by a fiber-rich diet, drinking water frequently, and taking laxatives for more severe cases
  • High-fiber diet help improve the defecation process
• Diarrhea:

  • Diarrhea is characterized by abnormally loose and wet feces
  • It is commonly caused by viral or bacterial infection in the gastrointestinal tract
  • Drinking contaminated water may cause diarrhea
  • Drinking plenty of fluids may help treat and prevent diarrhea
  • Oral rehydration salts can replace the water, sugars, and electrolytes lost in the intestines
  • Oral rehydration salts can replace lost molecules due to diarrhea
• Peptic Ulcer:

  • Peptic ulcers are holes in the linings of the stomach or upper part of the small intestine caused by exposure to acids
  • Marked by stomach pains and burning sensations
  • Risks increase with intake of painkillers, drinking alcohol, and eating spicy foods
  • Painkillers increase the risk of having peptic ulcer
  • Treatments include antibiotics for bacterial cases, reducing or stopping the use of painkillers, and antacids
  • Painkillers can affect the protective lining of stomach and intestine
• Gastritis:

  • Gastritis involves the mucosal inflammation
  • It can be prevented and treated similarly with peptic ulcers
  • Severe gastritis may lead to stomach cancer if untreated
  • Probiotics can help maintain a healthy stomach
• Tooth Decay:

  • Pits in the tooth crown develop as a result of the destruction of enamel
  • Decay begins in the dentin layer of teeth when acids leak into the pits creating a cavity
  • Plaques develop as bacteria accumulates in the mouth
  • Eventually, both the enamel and dentin layers wear off
  • Plaques are bacterial films in the teeth, where acids are produced causing the tooth decay
  • Cavities can be prevented by daily brushing, flossing, and using antibacterial mouthwash
  • The use of fluoride prescribed by dentists can also prevent cavities
  • Regular brushing can help reduce plaque buildup
• Indigestion:

  • Indigestion is the recurring pain or discomfort in the upper portion of the abdomen
  • It is sometimes accompanied by chest pains called heartburn
  • Indigestion may be accompanied by heartburn
  • Preventive measures include avoiding alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking, and eating too fast or too slow
  • Eating at a right pace can help prevent indigestion
• Gingivitis:

  • This is an early stage of gum disease characterized by gum inflammation
  • Plaques may have substances that cause gum irritation
  • The hardened plaques are called tartar, and these further collect bacteria
  • Having red and swollen gums which bleed upon brushing are signs of gingivitis
  • Gingivitis is marked by red and swollen gums
  • This can be prevented by proper oral hygiene, brushing at least twice a day, flossing, avoiding cigarette smoking, and visiting a dentist regularly
  • Visit your dentists regularly to check for a dental problem
• Many diseases of the mouth can be prevented by having proper hygiene and oral care, and those of the gastrointestinal tract can be prevented by having a proper diet

  • Overuse of certain substances like medications, cigarettes, or alcohol can also cause diseases of the digestive system
• Constipation:

  • Constipation is marked by irregular defecation or release of feces
  • The feces released is dry making defecation hard and sometimes painful in the lower part of the abdomen
  • It is commonly caused by the large intestine removing too much water from digestive waste making the feces dry
  • Low-fiber diet and lack of exercise may trigger constipation
  • Constipation can easily be prevented by a fiber-rich diet, drinking water frequently, and taking laxatives for more severe cases
  • High-fiber diet help improve the defecation process
• Diarrhea:

  • Diarrhea is characterized by abnormally loose and wet feces
  • It is commonly caused by viral or bacterial infection in the gastrointestinal tract
  • Drinking contaminated water may cause diarrhea
  • Drinking plenty of fluids may help treat and prevent diarrhea
  • Oral rehydration salts can replace the water, sugars, and electrolytes lost in the intestines
  • Oral rehydration salts can replace lost molecules due to diarrhea
• Peptic Ulcer:

  • Peptic ulcers are holes in the linings of the stomach or upper part of the small intestine caused by exposure to acids
  • Marked by stomach pains and burning sensations
  • Risks increase with intake of painkillers, drinking alcohol, and eating spicy foods
  • Painkillers increase the risk of having peptic ulcer
  • Treatments include antibiotics for bacterial cases, reducing or stopping the use of painkillers, and antacids
  • Painkillers can affect the protective lining of stomach and intestine
• Gastritis:

  • Gastritis involves the mucosal inflammation
  • It can be prevented and treated similarly with peptic ulcers
  • Severe gastritis may lead to stomach cancer if untreated
  • Probiotics can help maintain a healthy stomach
• Indigestion:

  • Indigestion is the recurring pain or discomfort in the upper portion of the abdomen
  • It is sometimes accompanied by chest pains called heartburn
  • Indigestion may be accompanied by heartburn
  • Preventive measures include avoiding alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking, and eating too fast or too slow
  • Eating at a right pace can help prevent indigestion
• Many diseases of the mouth can be prevented by having proper hygiene and oral care, and those of the gastrointestinal tract can be prevented by having a proper diet

  • Overuse of certain substances like medications, cigarettes, or alcohol can also cause diseases of the digestive system