Exam 1 Study Guide

• what was Robert Hooke's major contribution?

  wrote micrographia, inspired thonis philipszoon
• thonis philpszoon was the first to observe microorganisms (protozoa)
• what did robert koch discover?

  airborne disease
• who proposed the germ theory of disease?

  louis pasteur, Robert koch
• what did louis pasteur find in the sour wine?

  yeast from incorrect fermentation
• what did thomas brock discover?

  thermophiles
• why are microbes important in out lives?

  1. most abundant organism
  2. impacts metabolic processes
• why are microorganisms good models of biological systems?

  1. common evolutionary origin
  2. easy to manipulate
• what is the typical size of a bacterial cell?

  1-10 micrometers
• what is the typical size of a eukaryotic cell?

  10-100 micrometers
• what is a cell?

  the basic unit of life
• what components do all cells have?

  proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, sugars, and cell membranes
• what characteristics/functions do all cells have?

  compartmentalization and metabolism, reproduction, and evolution
• what characteristics/functions do most cells have?

  differentiation, communication, and movement
• where are flagella?

  cell membrane
• what is the function of the cytoplasmic membrane?

  barrier to environment and contain components
• what is the structure of a ribosome?

  60% RNA, 40% protein
• what is the function of gas vesicles?


  movement
• what is the function of carboxysomes?


  CO2 fixation
• what structure does peptidoglycan form?

  permeable mesh
• what is the structure of lipopolysaccharide?

  core glycolipid (conserved) and o-polysaccharide (varies)
• what is the function of lipopolysaccharide?

  endotoxin, triggers immune response
• where do you find LPS?

  outer membrane lipids
• how is pencillin effictevity different from lysozyme?

  requires growth to be effective
• bacterial and eukaroytic cells have flagella
• what type of side chains do archaea have?

  isoprenoid lipid side chains
• what are three types of archaea cell walls?

  • s-layer proteins
  • outer membrane (gram -)
  • thick layer of peptidoglycan (gram +)
• virus penetration can be endocytic or non-endocytic
• a +ssRNA virus is directly translated at the ribosome
• a - ssRNA virus can't be translated at the ribosome
• a - ssRNA virus has to carry replication enzymes because cell doesn't have the correct RNA polymerase
• dsDNA viruses use normal host machinery
• lytic infection: phage DNA directs synthesis
• lysogenic infection: phage DNA inserts into host DNA, prophage copied when cell divides
• lysogenic cycle con convert to lytic when cell is stressed
• QB virus is + ssRNA, translates 4 proteins
• what cycle does T4 virus go through?

  lytic, regulated stages
• when does lambda phage go through lysogenic cycle?

  stable C2, inactive FtSH (no cell growth)
• when does lambda phage go through lytic cycle?

  unstable C2, active fTSH (cell growth)
• retrovirus (+ ssRNA) copies into dsDNA intermediate