2.8 Cellular Respiration

• ATP contains one adenosine and 3 phosphates linked with covalent bonds.
• ATP is a high energy molecule that is an immediate source of power for cells.
• When ATP is hydrolised the energy in the phosphate bonds are released to be used by the cell.
• Enzymes are biological catalysts which allow for a reaction to occur.
• To start respiration, energy must be invested with 2 ATP used.
• The first stage of respiration is called glycolysis which occurs in the cytoplasm. where glucose is converted into pyruvate which produces 2 ATP.
• All other stages of respiration occur inside the mitichondria.
• When a phosphate is taken from ATP it produces energy.
• NAD+ carries hydrogen.
• Around 36 ATP get produced during the full process of respiration.
• Anaerobic respiration is when there is an absence of oxygen and does not result in the production of any further ATP molecules. In animals the pyruvate is converted to lactic acid. In plants and yeasts it becomes ethanol and carbon dioxide.
• Glycolysis is anaerobic respiration.
• Aerobic respiration only produces around 36 ATP.
• Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and is where ventilation and gas exchange occurs.
• The main organic compound used for respiration is glucose but lipids and proteins can also be used.
• Anaerobic respiration occurs in the cytosol.
• Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria.
• Anaerobic respiration is the partial breakdown of glucose, does not require oxygen and produces a small yield of ATP.
• Lactic acid is lactate
• Cellular respiration is exothermic.
• Aerobic respiration is more common than anaerobic respiration.