Grade 9/10 biology review

• Biology is the study of life/living things
• Three parts of the cell theory:

  • All cells come from pre-existing cells
  • All living things are made up of one or more cells
  • Cells are the basic units of structure and function in all organisms
• Earth's four spheres:

  • Lithosphere: The solid land portion of the earth
  • Hydrosphere: The water portion of the earth (all states)
  • Atmosphere: The gas portion of the earth
  • Biosphere: All the living components of the earth (where life exists)
• Biodiversity is the number and variety of living things found on Earth
• Biomagnification is the increase in the quantity of contaminants as you move up the food chain
• Biotic:

  • Of, relating to, or resulting from living things
  • Examples: animals, plants, bacteria, fungi

  Abiotic:

  • Non-living things
  • Examples: sunlight, rocks, soil, oxygen
• Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP and release waste products
• Word equation for cellular respiration:

  • Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

  Chemical equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
• Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water
• Word equation for photosynthesis:

  • Carbon dioxide + water + energy → glucose + oxygen

  Chemical equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Parts of the microscope:

  • Eyepiece/ocular lens
  • Body tube
  • Coarse adjustment knob
  • Fine adjustment knob
  • Arm
  • Revolving nosepiece
  • Objective lens
  • Stage
  • Condenser lens
  • Diaphragm
  • Light source
• Parts of the cell:

  • Stores materials within the cell (ex. food, enzymes, waste products): Vacuole
  • Closely stacked, flattened sacs: Golgi bodies/apparatus
  • Small bumps located on portions of the endoplasmic reticulum and in the cytoplasm; the sites of protein synthesis: Ribosomes
  • Transports materials within the cell: Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
  • The region inside the cell except for the nucleus; holds organelles in place: Cytoplasm
  • Organelle that manages or controls all the cell functions in a eukaryotic cell: Nucleus
• Organelles in plant cells, animal cells, or both:

  • Plant cells: Cell wall, chloroplast
  • Animal cells: Vesicle, chromatin, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, mitochondria, nucleolus, nucleus, plasma membrane
  • Both: Ribosome, centrioles
• Three stages of the cell cycle:

  • Interphase: Cell is "resting" and preparing for mitosis, replicating organelles and DNA
  • Mitosis: Nuclear division
  • Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm
• Stages of mitosis in order:

  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
• Mitosis in plant and animal cells:

  • Animal cells undergo cytokinesis via division (pinching off) of cytoplasm
  • Plant cells undergo cytokinesis via lining up vesicles to form the cell plate which forms the cell wall
• Cancer cells differ from normal cells in uncontrollable cell division and piling up on top of one another
• Types of tissues in humans:

  • Connective: Bone, cartilage, blood
  • Muscle: Skeletal (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), cardiac (heart only)
  • Nervous: Brain, spinal cord, nerves throughout the body
  • Epithelial: Skin, outer lining of digestive tract and respiratory tract
• Main functions of human body systems:

  • Digestive: Break down food, absorb nutrients, remove solid waste
  • Respiratory: Remove CO2 and take in O2
  • Circulatory: Transport nutrients, wastes, and gases
• Structures of the alimentary canal:

  • Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
• Accessory organs in the human digestive system:

  • Pancreas, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder
• Steps in the process of digestion:

  1. Ingestion

  2. Digestion

  3. Absorption

  4. Egestion
• Structures through which air passes in the respiratory tract:

  • Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, bronchioles, alveoli
• Comparison of inhalation and exhalation:

  • Inhalation: Diaphragm moves down, rib cage moves up and out, air moves inward
  • Exhalation: Diaphragm moves up, rib cage moves down and in, air moves outward
• Difference between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood:

  • Oxygenated blood: High concentration of oxygen, carried in arteries
  • Deoxygenated blood: High in carbon dioxide, carried in veins
• Types of blood vessels in the human body and their functions:

  • Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood from lungs out to body cells
  • Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood from body cells to heart/lungs
  • Capillaries: Site of gas exchange
• Types of blood cells in the human body and their functions:

  • Leukocytes (WBCs): Fight infection
  • Erythrocytes (RBCs): Carry oxygen (also carbon dioxide)
  • Thrombocytes (platelets): Clotting to prevent bleeding out
• Valves in the human body are found in veins and the heart
• Structures that carry blood away from the heart are arteries, and towards the heart are veins
• Chambers of the heart and pathway of blood flow:

  1. Right atrium

  2. Right ventricle

  3. Left atrium

  4. Left ventricle
• Plant systems:

  • Root System: Roots absorb nutrients, anchor plants
  • Shoot System: Stem transports nutrients, structural support; leaves for photosynthesis; flowers for reproduction
• Types of tissues found in plants:

  • Dermal, vascular, ground
• Comparison of xylem and phloem:

  • Xylem: Carries water and minerals, composed of dead, hollow cells, flow is upward
  • Phloem: Carries nutrients, composed of living cells, flow is both upward and downward
• Five things wrong with a biological diagram:

  • Labels not on the right-hand side
  • No capital letters in labels
  • Diagram is of a plant cell, not an animal cell
  • Missing magnification
  • Title not underlined
• Difference between diffusion and osmosis:

  • Diffusion: Movement of particles across a permeable or semi-permeable membrane from high to low concentration
  • Osmosis: Movement of water across a permeable or semi-permeable membrane from high to low concentration
• Labeling of diagrams using the terms provided:

  • Organ, cell, organ system, tissue
• Cytokinesis is the physical separation of cytoplasm into two new cells during cell division.