TOPIC 2

Created by

bobbybooboob

Cards (52)

alveoli increases surface area to volume ratio so more oxygen can be absorbed
in ficks law of diffusion as object size increases surface area : volume deacreases
how is the mammalian lung adapted for rapid gaseous exchange
they have alveoli with large surface area and with good blood supply to transport oxygen and through inhalation and exhalation
what is the structure of a phospholipid
phospholipid is a glycerol with a phosphate head and two fatty acid tails joined by ester bonds
how is bilayer formed
when phospholipds are facing each other with they fatty acid taila infront so hydrophilic ends are outwards
what is the difference between fluid mosaic model and sandwich model
in fluid mosaic model the proteins are randomly embedded in bilayer and has glycolipids and cholesterol while in sandwich model there are no such components and proteins are present on outside of membrane
what is the similarity between sandiwtxh and fluid models
they both consist of bilayer and protein
what is diffusion
movement of substances from region of power concentration to higher concentration
what is osmosis
movement of water molecules through partially permeable membrane down the water potential gradient
what is facilitated diffusion
transport of molecules with help of transport proteins
what is Active transport
movement of molecules and ions through cell membrane from region of lower concentration to region of higher concentration with ATP and requires carrier proteins
how does a channel protein work?
it extends through bilayer to transport molecules through it
how does carrier protein work
they change shape
what is the stricture of amina acid
carbon attached to a amino group and COOH with an R group aswell
how are polypeptides formed
by linking amino acids with peptide bonds by condensation
define primary structure of protein
sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain joined by peptide bonds
what is secondary structure of protein
primary structure folds and forms hydrogen bonds between C=O of one amino acid residue and N-H group of another
can be helix or beta pleated sheets
what is tertiary structure of protein
when secondary folds happen due to R groups and forms hydrogen bonds or ionic bonds or disulfide bonds
how is quaternary structure formed
formed by production of combination of peptides in which the shape is provided
what is shape of fibrous protein?
long and narrow
what is shape of globular protein
spherical
what is structure of fibrous protein
secondary
what is structure of globular protein
tertiary
what is role of fibrous protein
it plays a structural role
is fibrous or globular protein soluble?
globular
give and example of fibrous protein
collagen
fibrin
keratin
give example of globular protein
haemoglobin
firbrinogen
insulin
what is an enzyme
biological catalyst that reduces activation energy and speeds up rate of chemical reaction by weakening bonds
these are globular/tertiary
what does an intercellular enzyme do
catalyze reaction inside cells
what is the induced fit theory
the active site changes shape for specific substrate
state what purines are and how they differ from pyramidines
purines like base pair C U G have double rings while the pyramidines like A G dont
what is the base pair of adenine?
Thymine
what is the base pair of guanine
cytosine
what type of bond is present between two nucleotides
phosphodiester bond
what is the type of bond present between base pakrs?
Hydrogen bond
in DNA replication the helicase unwinds the DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds between them and each strand acts as a new template for free nucleotides
the exposed bands attract nucleotides and hydrogen bonds made again
DNA polymerase catalyses condensation reaction making phosphodiester bonds
ligase joins fragments formed in lagging strand
in semi conservative what happens in the second round
light strand is formed
what are the natures of genetic code
triplet code
non overlapping
degenerative
what’s is the gene
sequence of bases on DNA that codes for sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains
what are the events that occur in transciption
RNA polymerase attach to promoter region Of DNA & UnwInd and break hydrogen bonds.
antisense strand act as template for free nucleorides to pair with using base pairing.
RNA polymerase bind nucleotides forming phosphodlester bonds ccondensation)
• continued till stop sequence reached & mRNA pell away from DNA and rewinds